Productivity in the Roanoke Branch Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Productivity in the Roanoke Branch - Coursework Example As I follow up, I am writing to provide details of how the executive team can help in reversing the downward spiral of employee morale and productivity. Background. As you will recall, we lost two of our most experienced technical employees at Roanoke and other have disclosed their intention to leave Phoenix. A vacuum will be created, which will be very difficult to fill. This is capable of reducing the number of a client by half in the next six months. Our overall annual revenue will consequently decrease by 37%. This will further aggravate the effect of the economic crunch which has reduced advertisement expenses by 41% nationwide, and 53% in North Carolina. Proposal. Given the above, I am proposing a new approach to managing employee relations. This approach comprises three major components: securing employee commitment, dispute resolution, and welfare. The commitment of employee especially the top management employees can be secured by establishing a two-way communication process which will help managers understand Phoenix vision, mission, objectives, and values and allow the executive team at the headquarters. This can be achieved during meetings, frequent briefings, newsletters, and circulars. Recreational and sports activities can also be used for informal communications. The commitment of employees can also be enhanced by appropriate recognition of individual employees and teams’ achievements and efforts. This will help in promoting the right attitude to work and bringing out the best in employees. Adequate recognition can be given to employees through commendation letters, honors and merit awards, and management suggestion scheme. Given the inevitability of conflicts among employees at different categories, the executive team should establish clear channels for lodging complaints, expeditiously deal with complaints and the actions taken communicated to employees in order to resolve disputes.  

Leadership & Change Management Essay Example for Free

Leadership Change Management Essay Transactional leadership styles are more concerned with maintaining the normal flow of operations. Transactional leadership can be described as keeping the ship afloat. Transactional leaders use disciplinary power and an array of incentives to motivate employees to perform at their best. The term transactional refers to the fact that this type of leader essentially motivates subordinates by exchanging rewards for performance. A transactional leader generally does not look ahead in strategically guiding an organization to a position of market leadership; instead, these managers are solely concerned with making sure everything flows smoothly today. Transactional leadership motivates followers by setting up social or financial transactions that persuade them to act. For example, a transactional leader might offer bonuses to her sales staff for exceeding quotas. The bonus is a form of financial transaction. Transactional leadership often is set in opposition to transformational leadership, which is a leadership style that relies on convincing followers that a particular vision of what the organization can achieve is worth working toward. Transformational leadership A transformational leader goes beyond managing day-to-day operations and crafts strategies for taking his company, department or work team to the next level of performance and success. Transformational leadership styles focus on team-building, motivation and collaboration with employees at different levels of an organization to accomplish change for the better. Transformational leaders set goals and incentives to push their subordinates to higher performance levels, while providing opportunities for personal and professional growth for each employee. Transformational leadership might sound preferable because the leader doesn’t cynically harness the self-interest of her followers, as the transactional leader does. But there’s a problem. A transformational leader might not be forthright with her followers. For example, a business owner might motivate her workforce with stirring speeches about the nobility of hard work, while her real aim is to increase production for personal gain. This type of transformational leader might be called inauthentic. Advantages Both leadership styles are needed for guiding an organization to success. Transactional leaders provide distinct advantages through their abilities to address small operational details quickly. Transactional leaders handle all the details that come together to build a strong reputation in the marketplace, while keeping employees productive on the front line. Transformational leadership styles are crucial to the strategic development of a small business. Small businesses with transformational leaders at the helm shoot for ambitious goals, and can they achieve rapid success through the vision and team-building skills of the leader. Applications Different management styles are best suited to different situations. When it comes to front-line supervisors of minimum-wage employees, for example a transactional leadership style can be more effective. Shift supervisors at a fast food restaurant will be much more effective if they are concerned with ensuring all of the various stations run smoothly, rather than spending their time thinking up better ways to serve hamburgers. On the other hand, CEOs or sales managers can be more effective if they are transformational leaders. Executive managers need the ability to design and communicate grand strategic missions, passing the missions down to transactional leaders for implementation of the details. Organizations emphasize the concept of leadership in training managers or group leaders to propel a team or the organization forward. Within leadership, the effectiveness of the transformational versus transactional leader is often debated. Transactional leadership relies more on a give and take understanding, whereby subordinates have a sense of duty to the leader in exchange for some reward. Transformational leadership, on the other hand, involves a committed relationship between the leader and his followers. In 1985, industrial psychologist Bernard Bass identified and wrote about four basic elements that underlie transformational leadership. Idealized Influence Transformational leaders act as role models and display a charismatic personality that influences others to want to become more like the leader. Idealized influence can be most expressed through a transformational leaders willingness to take risks and follow a core set of values, convictions and ethical principles in the actions he takes. It is through this concept of idealized influence that the leader builds trust with his followers and the followers, in turn, develop confidence in their leader. Inspirational Motivation Inspirational motivation refers to the leaders ability to inspire confidence, motivation and a sense of purpose in his followers. The transformational leader must articulate a clear vision for the future, communicate expectations of the group and demonstrate a commitment to the goals that have been laid out. This aspect of transformational leadership requires superb communication skills as the leader must convey his messages with precision, power and a sense of authority. Other important behaviors of the leader include his continued optimism, enthusiasm and ability to point out the positive. Intellectual Stimulation Transformational leadership values creativity and autonomy among the leaders followers. The leader supports his followers by involving them in the decision-making process and stimulating their efforts to be as creative and innovative as possible to identify solutions. To this end, the transformational leader challenges assumptions and solicits ideas from followers without criticizing. She helps change the way followers think about and frame problems and obstacles. The vision the leader conveys helps followers see the big picture and succeed in their efforts. Individualized Consideration Each follower or group member has specific needs and desires. For example, some are motivated by money while others by change and excitement. The individualized consideration element of transformational leadership recognizes these needs. The leader must be able to recognize or determine through eavesdropping or observation   what motivates each individual. Through one-on-one coaching and mentoring, the transformational leader provides opportunities for customized training sessions for each team member. These activities allow team members to grow and become fulfilled in their positions. The Benefits of Transformational Leadership Motivation A transformational leader uses her belief in the vision of the company to inspire the staff to be more productive and work towards company goals. The drive behind a transformational leader is to find ways in which she can get the entire staff on board with corporate strategy and planning. When the entire company is on the same page with the corporate vision, it can make achieving that vision easier. Planning Inspirational managers do not focus their energy solely on motivating the staff. A good transformational leader has broad visions for the companys future, and those visions can become instrumental in company planning. Whether it is refining the overall business plan or affecting individual marketing programs, the transformational manager has ideas and visions for the future of the company that he wants to share with the management team and work to turn those plans into reality. Retention The idea of transformational leadership is to reach out to each employee and bring out the best in them. An inspirational manager spends time with each employee discussing ways to make the employees job easier, and helping to create plans for developing the employees career. This individual attention that is offered by transformational leaders helps to create a strong bond between the manager and his employees that will reduce employee turnover. Growth  A manager that is not intimately involved in the growth of the company and the development of her staff can start to struggle with managing her department as the company grows. A transformational leader is constantly involved with the growth of the company and the ongoing development of employees. As the company grows, the transformational leader maintains that close contact to the company and employees and can make the process of growing a more involved experience for new and veteran employees.

Analyzing Angela Carters Feminist Fairy Tales English Literature Essay

Analyzing Angela Carters Feminist Fairy Tales English Literature Essay It is important to establish early on that there is no simple definition of what a fairy tale is; the simplest place to start is to explain why theyre called fairy tales at all. Taken from the French phrase contes de fà ©es a title used by women writers in the French salons in the 17th century for stories written as narratives for passing on wisdom to young women it was translated as tales of fairies. The first to use the phrase was Madame DAulnoy in 1697 as the title to her collection of stories, but was later used by the more familiar Brothers Grimm. Before that time fairy tales existed only in the oral tradition, a highly elusive medium of story-telling, which does not lend itself to consistency, often leading to each country, region, and even person having their own version of the same basic tale. Little is known about the history of fairy tales, only that from the 17th century they began to emerge as a popular literary convention and broke down into two main schools; that of Perrault and his pure French tales, and the Brothers Grimm, who concerned themselves with only authentic German folklore. Throughout the 18th and 19th century their popularity grew, with each culture apportioning its own unique narrator, most famously in the guises of Mother Bunch, Mother Goose, and Gamma Gettel. To speak loosely of fairy tales, they are a subgenre of folklore, but Lane argues: Although Lane has made some very sweeping generalisations about what a fairy tale it not, this is because, as Tolkien puts it, faerie [tales] cannot be caught by a net of words; for it is one of its qualities to be indescribable (Tolkien 1965:10). As Ive illustrated, those who have spent their academic careers trying to define what a fairy tale is have agreed that it contains certain elements, but the problem lies in that they cant agree which ones. For my purposes I am going to accept Thompsons definition: A tale of some length involving a succession of motifs or episodes. It moves in an unreal world without definite locality or definite creature and is filled with the marvellous. (Thompson 1977: 8) The fairy tale is a desirable form of literature for authors to manipulate. With its strict confines, extensive use of stereotypes, accessibility, and moral framework it can be used to create an environment within which authors can explore their own ideas and ideals. Angela Carter is such an author; with the The Bloody Chamber being, essentially, a feminist re-evaluation of the predominantly masculine-dominated fairy tales as presented by the Brothers Grimm. Although the Brothers Grimm were amongst the first to preserve fairy tales in the writing they were considerably re-worked from their original oral counterparts in order to make them more acceptable to society. Fairy tales began as a female-orientated tradition when Les Cabinet des Fà ©es was published over half the authors were women, whose tales offered gratifications that were already [] considered feminine: dreams of love as well as the sweets of quick and capital revenge (Warner 1996: xii-xiv). When the Brothers Grimm, and others, transferred the oral tales in written ones they transposed of an essentially feminine form and replaced it was a masculine one, as Holbeck observes, men and women often tell the same tales in characteristically different ways (Holbeck 1987). This tradition has been carried through to the 20th century, with Disney adaptations relying on the damsel in distress, with the inevitable Prince Charming character to rescue her (although recent productions such as Enchanted and the Shrek trilogy have been a movement away from such archetypes). The Bloody Chamber concerns itself with those changes and calls them to attention by: heightening the intertextuality of her narratives, making them into allegories that explore how sexual behaviour and gender roles are not universal, but are, like other forms of social interaction, culturally determined. (Kaiser 1994) It is a collection of short stories that extract the latent content from traditional stories (Carter in John Haffendens Novelist in Interview) and create new ones from a womans perspective, an exploration of the journey between girlhood and womanhood with all the trappings that entails. It is a de-Bowdlerisation of Grimms contaminated exercise of patriarchal power towards the pure tales of Perrault and, more importantly for Carter, Bruno Bettelheim, whose books, Uses of Enchantment, has been hailed by a holy grail for the understanding of fairy tales. Bettelheim was a distinguished psychoanalyst who applied his writing to the written fairy tale, concluding that they were a way for children to comfortably deal with separation anxiety and essential in the development of the unconscious; let the Fairy Tale speak to his unconscious, give body to his unconscious anxieties and relieve them without this ever coming to conscious awareness (Bettelheim 1977: 15). Bettelheims readings of fairy tales lie strongly in Freudian theory. Freud is most well-known for his championing of the oedipal complex, wherein a boy has desire for his mother and competes with the father for affection, or a girl who has desire for her father, sparking a rivalry with the mother. The latter is also referred to as the Electra complex, though Freud often disagreed on the existence of a female counter-part. In his book, Bettelheim states that: Oedipal difficulties and how the individual solves them are central to the way his personality and human relations unfold. By camouflaging the oedipal predicament, or by only subtly intimating the entanglements, fairy tales permit us to draw our own conclusions when the time is propitious for our gaining a better understanding of these problems. (Bettelheim 1977: 201) This excerpt comes from his essay on Snow White, which Bettelheim argues is a perfect fairy tale version of the oedipal conflict between mothers and daughters. Certainly, the version he and Carter, in her tale The Snow Child, use heightens the oedipal tensions through its simplicity (Kaiser 1994). Carter furthers this by manipulating the popular themes and underpinning them with the notion of desire, a key theme throughout The Bloody Chamber. Colours are incredibly important in the Gothic genre, and due to the nature of Carters fairy tales, they can certainly be described as such. Carters count asks for a girl as white as snow [] red as blood [] black as that birds feather (Carter 2006: 105) without any appropriation of those colours, it is only after the girl appears that Carter redistributes them in the traditional style of white skin, red lips, black hair (Carter 2006: 105). Those three colours continually appear throughout all of Carters short stories and are used in a highly symbolic fashion. White is traditionally seen as the colour of purity, innocence, and wholeness, but red, the symbol of love, signals passion and sexual desire, whilst black represents death, destruction, and the decent into the unconscious. If we transfer these attributes to the Counts wishes, it is plausible to conclude that the Count is imagining a daughter who embodies all those things; a virgin who awakens sexual desire in him on the unconsc ious level. In doing so, he gives the girl multiple facets, and an ambiguous quality she is sometimes pure and perfect, sometimes passionate and sexual, or negative and deadly. Three sides, three colours, three aspects of the human soul. The theme of colours is similarly extended to the Count and Countess note that Carter provides the colours of their horses. The Count sits upon a gray mare (Carter 2006: 105) the only other colour mentioned in the tale, noticeably different to the surrounding contrast. If we see the Count as a representation of society, then the greyness symbolises a lack of self-examination, of stepping back from the coloured representations apparent in the rest of the scene, to which Carter is now attempting to hold a mirror up to. The counts horse also provides a back-drop for the Countess, giving significance to her riding a black one (Carter 2006: 105); she is also seen wearing glittering pelts of black foxes and black shining boots with scarlet heels (Carte r 2006: 105). My interpretation of her attire is one that suggests that to the Count his wife no longer represents the idea of purity (the absence of white), and that he has very little sexual desire for, as the colour red is contained to the lowest part of her body her heels. Instead, she represents the Counts mortality, of getting older, and what Klein describes as a bad object that a child will seek to expel by projecting negative emotions towards it, shown by the excessive use of black. This is highlighted by his wishes for the child, who is predominantly snow white when stark naked (Carter 2006: 105) the good object that a child seeks to join with and keep safe from the unpleasant influence of bad objects. Carters Count lifted her up and sat her in front of him on his saddle and thrust his virile member into the dead girl (Carter 2006: 105-106) perfect representations of that same joining and protecting. As mentioned, the oedipal complex is one concerned with transference not only of emotions, but, in the case of The Snow Child, a physical transference through clothing. In a similar style to the presence of the Counts grey horse, we are not given a description of the Counts clothing, giving strength to my argument that he is a representation of society, and therefore not clothed because it is the provider of clothes, or labels (e.g. mother, wife), for everyone else. Unlike the Brothers Grimm version, Carter does not have the Count decide between his wife and his daughter, instead she has him display his authority over them through the attribution of material constructs. The Countess, presumably acquiring her title from marriage, is wholly defined by her husband her title, her clothes, her horse, all representations of the social constructions of wealth and nobility. When the Countess is replaced in her husbands desires by the girl there is a transference of clothing, and of those s ymbols of society, the furs sprang off the Countesss shoulders and twined around the naked girl [] then her boots leapt off the Countesss feet and on to the girls legs (Carter 2006: 105). Here we see the deconstruction of the modern women a disrobing of the masculine confines imposed upon the Countess. Kaiser points out that it is a sign of their mutual dependence on his favour, the furs, the boots, and jewels fly off the Countess, onto the girl, and back again depending on the whims of the Count (Kaiser 1994). During the tale there is always a woman who is naked, drawing attention to the semantic field of clothes when women are not dressed they are reverted to a representation of Nature, in direct opposition to the man as culture, which in turn makes them appear vulnerable. In response to this criticism, Kaiser continues that although some feminist theorists claim to find a kind of liberation in the position of women as other in phallogocentric culture, Carter finds the situation morecomplex and more troubling (Kaiseer 1994).This can be seen reflection in the ambiguous ending Carter has created, when the Countess exclaims It bites! is she rejecting female sexuality through the symbol of eternal feminine sexuality of the rose? is she rejecting love itself? Or simply her husbands and therefore mens desires? Bacchilega suggests that the Countess recognizes the myth of the vagina dentate for what it is (Bacchilega 1988: 18). The ending leaves a lot to be desired for traditional readers of fairy tales, without the typical happily ever after finish Carter leaves the tale with no promise of happiness and it remains open for individual interpretation. To re-address my original question, one of Carters most avid critics, Patricia Duncker read the ending of The Bloody Chamber as carrying an uncompromisingly feminist message, whilst the other tales merely recapitulate patriarchal patterns of behaviour. Duncker is right in her reading of the texts as remaining within the patriarchal sphere of thought, but as Kaiser parallels with my own opinion what Dunkcer perceives as an inconsistent application of feminist principles is, I believe, merely a reflection of Carters project in this collection, to portray sexuality as a culturally relative phenomenon (Kaiser 1994). It is my personal belief that Duncker is not in possession of a sense of humour, or merely cannot grasp Carters sense of irony in her insistence on staying within the already accepted boundaries, in order to question the nature of reality one must move from a strongly grounded base in what constitutes material reality (Carter 1997: 38). With The Bloody Chamber Carter has conc erned herself not simply with pointing out the problems with conventional patriarchal views of gender, but rather has created a series of different representations, that although dont directly challenge the traditional fairy tales, they provide alternative models. She does not, as the title suggests, capitulate the idea of a masculine-dominated or phallaogocentric representation of the fairy tale, but rather highlights the single-mindedness of those tellings by displaying stories with the same basic building blocks that have hugely different influences. Ours is a highly individualised culture, with great faith in the work of art as a unique one-off, and the artist as an original, a godlike and inspired creator of unique one-offs. But fairy tales are not like that, nor are their makers. Who first invented meatballs? In what country? Is there a definite recipe for potato soup? Think in terms of the domestic arts. This is how I make potato soup. (Carter 1987: 3) The culinary allegory serves her purpose of exemplifying the fairy tale; a recipe will seldom have an individual source and are prepared in a multitude of ways, varying with the ingredients available and the person preparing it, evolving over time, just as female subcultures adapted to suit personal, cultural, and historical needs.

Use of Generalist Fair Use Defence in Australian Intellectual Property

  Ã‚  Ã‚  The objective of the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) is to protect those who create works, such as artistic works or literary works, as well as those other subject matter, such as films or sounds recordings, from those who would serve to exploit or profit from their labor, skill and creativity. But, what about those who use these protected works and other subject matter for interests different to the above? Such as for educational purposes or for broadcasting? Under the act, there are listed many defences to protect an individual or a corporation from infringement of copyright, or in other words, directly or indirectly, infringing those exclusive rights that the copyright owner possess, also listed under the act . These defences operate in areas such as fair dealing, educational uses, artistic works, performances, communication and broadcasting, computer programs, importing, copying by libraries and archives and judicial proceedings and statutes . Although the current act does p rovide protection, in the form of legislated, or statutory defences, it could be argued that a fair use defence, as is currently being used in the United States of America via their equivalent of the Copyright act , may be a more simple approach to this issue. The current legislation in some areas is specific, and in others, hard to understand. A generalist fair use defence may simplify the current legislation and also create less confusion for the individual and the Court system. But, there is always the risk by introducing such a measure, it may create loopholes, and at this current point in time, the Australian Court system is reluctant to import such a principle, although it has been acknowledged in obiter. It has been acknowledged, via legal forums, that the system of copyright law in Australia is complicated, and has been argued, through submission to be made simpler.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As introduced above, the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) was introduced in response to the growing need to protect individual’s creative works or other subject matter from commercial or other exploitation. The above named act provides that copyright is a statutory right, and abolishes any right to copyright at common law . The Berne Convention for Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, an international convention on copyright protection, which was first held in 1886, and has b... ...llip, Intellectual Property: Copyright and Materials, Lawbook Company Casebook, Sydney 2002. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Paper for Meeting with the Copyright Law Review Committee on 4 October 2001, Discussion Paper, www.law.gov.au/www/clrHome.nsf/AllDocs/ -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ploman, Edward W, and Clark Hamilton, L, Copyright: Intellectual Property in the Information Age, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London 1980. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ricketson, Sam and Richardson, Megan, Intellectual Property: Cases, Materials and Commentary, 2nd Edition, Butterworths, Sydney 1998. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reynolds, R and Stoianoff, Natalie, Intellectual Property: Text and Essential Cases, The Federation Press, Sydney 2003. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Simplication of the Fair Dealing Provisions in the Copyright Act 1968†, Comments on the CLRC’s Discussion Paper, CAUL: Council of Australian University Librarians, August 1997, www.caul.edu.au/gov-inqu/clrc-972.html -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Simplification of the Copyright Act 1968†, Part I: Exceptions to the Exclusive Rights of Copyright Owners, Copyright Law Review Committee, www.law.gov.au/clr/Simplification/

Behavioralism & Political Science

The field of Political Science is a field that is rich in issues and knowledge. It contains many issues that may be subject of inquiry. In this field, many queries have been made and many researches have been performed. The years have shown an evolution of research processes involving many different methods and approaches, targeting different goals, and focusing on different aspects of an issue.One of the most popular of these approaches is the behavioralist approach. The behavioralist approach has been used in many inquiries in Political Science and has been subject of analyses of many scholarly works pertaining to the field.In this essay, I will examine two of such works. The first of them is David Sanders â€Å"Behaviouralism†; and the second is Robert A Dahl’s â€Å"The Behavioral Approach in Political Science: Epitaph for a Monument to a Successful Protest†. David Sanders’ â€Å"Behaviouralism† is a quick look at some of the important concepts involved in behavioralist studies. This involves an examination of the core question â€Å"what do actors involved actually do and how can we best explain how they do it? † It emphasizes the quest of behavioralists for reliability and truth.This can be shown through the use of quantitative, in addition to qualitative, measures or statistical techniques, the attempt to explain all empirical evidence or at least a representative sample, and the requirement of falsifiability. It emphasizes on the criteria of being internally consistent, consistent with other theories explaining related phenomena and capable of generating empirical predictions. The article also delved on the criticisms thrown against behavioralism. Among these is the tendency to emphasize what can be easily measured and what can be easily observed.This results to a failure to comprehend the â€Å"big picture† because of the focus on smaller aspects of an issue that is capable of measurement. However, as th e Sanders wrote, this is not to say that â€Å"all examples of behavioral research are flawed†. Behavioral research has vast contributions to the understanding and explanation of social behavior.This strength, according to Sanders, is derived mainly from the â€Å"determination to pursue forms of analysis that are capable of replication†. On the other hand, Robert A. Dahl’s â€Å"The Behavioral Approach in Political Science: Epitaph for a Monument to a Successful Protest† is a historical and evolutionary account of the theory of behavioralism. It touches on the main concepts and ideas behind the theory, such as the main question involved in behavioral research, the scientific nature of its purpose, the goal of discovering uniformities and indicating the consequences of such patterns, and use of quantitative tools whenever possible (767). However, the article’s main focus is on how the approach has originated and evolved through time.According to Da hl, the behavioral approach was originally a â€Å"protest movement within political science†. It resulted from â€Å"a strong sense of dissatisfaction with the achievements of conventional political science†¦ and a belief that additional methods and approaches either existed or could be developed† (766). The article then goes on to discuss the reactions to the behavioral approach and its contributions in the field of research, especially in voting studies (769-770). It finished its discussion with a prediction of the future of behavioralism as a research approach in the field of political science.Dahl believes that, from being a movement of protest, the behavioralist approach will â€Å"slowly decay as a distinctive mood and outlook† and â€Å"will become, and in fact already is becoming, incorporated into the main body of the discipline,† thus marking its success as a research approach (p. 770). The introduction of behavioralism provided a good bri dge between the purely qualitative approach to social science research and the systematic, reliable and verifiable methodologies of quantitative research.It is undeniable fact that social science research is a complex arena where various actors, factors and circumstances interact to produce results that is often not uniform and regular, unlike in the field of hard science. Most factors are difficult to isolate and measure. Trends are difficult to establish and changes easy and research results have a higher margin of error. This is due to the fact that the subjects of social science research are mostly individuals or entities composed by individuals.This is why, for a very long time, most research methodologies in social science are too flexible and indefinite. The inherent difficulty of measuring social science phenomena prevented the field from developing a research methodology as rigid as that in the hard science. This difficulty is the reason why, despite the attempts to achieve the reliability of the scientific method, behavioralism remains to be mostly qualitative, thus using quantitative methods only when possible.While many people recognize the contribution of behavioralism in the field of political science, many people also throw criticism to its validity as a method. The main contribution of behavioralism that sets it apart from other approaches is also the source of these criticisms—measurability and verifiability. While these criticisms may actually true, they do not render behavioralism useless. The task of a researcher is not only to employ a research method and accept the results as it is. A good researcher knows that his data may be polluted or compounded.Due to the complexity of political science phenomena, a researcher should not only be able to identify and isolate the factors that should be measured, it should also know the other factors that may affect or even pollute the results of his research. He should know that his methods are not perfect and there is probability for mistakes. This is especially necessary in the field of political science where the possibility of compounding is high the opportunity to make a research that encompass all factors is low. Both Dahl’s and Sander’s articles are incomplete discussions of the Behavioralist approach.This is partly due to the fact they are only parts of a whole collection of articles in a book. Therefore, their goal is not actually to give a comprehensive discussion of behavioralism, but rather to give and discuss only a few of its aspects and main features. Their foci are only on certain aspects of the approach. Therefore, while the discussion may not be said to be exhaustive and comprehensive as regards behavioralism as the articles’ subject matter, they are exhaustive and comprehensive within their respective limits.First, Robert A. Dahl was able to provide a comprehensive presentation of the origin and development as an approach. He was abl e to identify the reason the approach was introduced and the factors that facilitated its growth. He was also able to note the changes that the approach has undertaken and some of its most notable contributions in research. It even provided a prediction of the future of behavioralism. On the other hand, David A. Sanders provided a very brief but complete discussion of the essence of behavioralism, including its strengths and weaknesses as a research approach.While the discussion is not too in-depth to the point of being technical, the discussion is sufficient for a person, even with a non-political science background to understand what behavioralism is and what sets it apart from other theories. The articles by both authors are well-supported. Dahl’s article was supported by specific facts in history that are cited to facilitate the discussion about the development of behavioralism. These facts and details show the quality of research that went into the work.Sanders’ a rticle, on the other hand, is supported by illustrations. Since the discussion is as regards relevant concepts, the approach is more of illustrating the dynamics of behavioral approach through the use of examples. As for the style of writing, Robert Dahl's article reaches more to the audience because of its style of writing. The use of the word â€Å"I† and the insertion of several personal insights while discussing hard facts contributed to the dynamic and smooth reading process that the reader may experience while reading the article.The paradox one may experience while reading is that, while the article tackles about development, something which may be done with just a recital of facts, Dahl was able to made the discussion something that is not a mere recital of facts, but an expression of his own insights. Therefore, the author avoided putting distance between him and his article and made the article his own. The audience of the article is those that belong to the field. This may be gleaned from the fact that the focus is on development and not on concepts.There is an assumption that the readers already have basic understanding of the theory of behavioralism, and can thus relate to what the author is saying. Such initial understanding of behavioralism is necessary for the reader to be able to relate to what the author is discussing and form a personal evaluation as regards the validity of the author's observation. Sanders' style of writing takes the opposite form of than of Dahl's. His is a more formal discussion of the concepts. His article is more appropriate for readers who are just being introduced to behavioralism.The discussion may be as formal as a discussion in political science may allow, but the language used is simple and easy to comprehend. It discussed behavioralism from its core concepts to the ideas which revolved around it such as scientific approach and quantitative research. Unlike Dahl, Sanders places a distance between him and hi s article by using a formal format in the discussion. Dahl and Sanders articles offer a comprehensive discussion of behavioralism. However, read apart, they are limited only as to their specific purposes—Dahl’s as to the development of behavioralism and Sanders’ as to the core concepts and ideas involved.All in all, both articles are satisfactory pieces about behavioralism. They are clear, concise and informative, without being too rigid and technical. They are straight to the point, elaborating only when needed. They are both useful, especially for new students of Political Science. References: Dahl, R. A. `The Behavioural Approach in Political Science: Epitaph for a Monument to a Successful Protest`, American Political Science Review, vol. 55, no. 4 (1961), pp 763-772.Sanders, David `Behaviouralism` in Marsh, David and Gerry Stoker, Theory and Methods in Political Science (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2002) ch. 2..

Limitations: Marketing Research Essay

Like everything else, there are advantages and disadvantages or limitations in research. The imitations are basically the downside of a marketing research. These limitations are manipulated by many factors such as the constant change in human behaviours and marketing environment. Therefore, the information can be used for a period of time. Some of the major limitations include marketing research is costly, time consuming, has a limited scope and practical value. It cannot predict consumer behaviour, neither does it give 100% accurate results nor does it provide solutions, only suggestion. Unfortunately marketing research does not have the availability of qualified or experienced staff and it has a fragmented approach. In other words, it does not take into account all possible problems, just one or two. The research can be misused, reliable data may not be available and finally marketing managers may not use suggestions mentioned in the report. In the marketing research for Choice Mobile Ltd, some of these limitations were encountered. First is that the research is time consuming. The steps to conduct a marketing research report are vital and therefore take a lot of time to gather. None of the steps should be neglected or avoided. In pursuing the research, gathering the secondary data was difficult as there were limited sources. Even when some information needed was sourced it was not in depth. The lack of information is most probably the competitors’ way to protect their strategies from new market entrants looking for ideas. Time is also strained by the length of time taken to receive responses to the survey questionnaire which delays the time needed to analyse and state the outcomes. Next is that it has a limited scope. This is where the research paper is unable to assist businesses in solving certain business-related problems, like consumer behaviour, income and expenditure relationships, etc. The survey for Choice Mobile Limited had its limitations because the distribution was limited to people of a narrow age group. Therefore, the research from the sample does not accurately represent the population. Furthermore, research can be conducted to analyse consumer behaviour but the results would not be completely accurate because researchers would not have responses from all members of the target market. Some sample populations may not have the expected responses in a particular subset such as a particular age group. In Choice Mobile Ltd the sample does not include any users over the age of fifty but in the full population they make up a substantial amount. Even if marketing research is done to analyse consumer behaviour there can never be a clear prediction of consumer behaviour. The research is not accurate because consumers’ decision making and buying patterns constantly changes. Their behaviours are influenced by moods, social factors, religious factors, family, economic factors and other factors. For example, a customer can decide to end their contract with Bmobile and switch to Digicel and vice-versa. In the case of Choice Mobile Ltd, the research may reflect that there is a 50% chance that consumers will change to their service but in reality it may be much more or much less depending on the influence of the factors mentioned at that point in time. Marketing research cannot give 100% accurate results. This is mainly applicable to consumer behaviours and the marketing environment that cannot be predicted due to their constant changes. Respondents chosen to part take in a questionnaire survey may not be interested and will answer questions just to get passed it. Others may not understand what the questions are asking due to their confusing structure. When this happens respondents may answer incorrectly or not answer at all. Accuracy is also compromised when respondents do not remember the details asked and they guess. In secondary research this problem is faced when information is outdated or comes from an unreliable source. Finally, in the research, it was found that there is a lot of non-availability of reliable data meaning people may not be sure of what they are asked in a questionnaire. Due to the ways in which people can interpret a question determines how they answer them. The research states that many people are post-paid customers but they use instant messaging more than internet apps such Whatsapp, etc. If people knew what services allowed the full use of their smart phone capabilities, the usage percentage of Wi-Fi, EDGE, 3G and 4G would have been much higher. Post-paid customers are also users of EDGE and/or 3G/ 4G simply through the purchase of a regular package. If they were more educated about these features, the response results would have been different. Thus, if the respondents understood what the questions really asked, the answers could have been different. If the questions are not 100% accurate, the results would not be either.

Essay on Democracy Essay Example

Essay on Democracy Essay Example Essay on Democracy Essay Essay on Democracy Essay Democracy is the worst signifier of authorities except all those other signifiers that have been tried from clip to clip Introduction Even though the construct of democracy signifier of administration has long been in being for centuries. it was the outgrowth of state province authorities system which gave birth to the rise and flourish of democracy that we enjoy today. In the modern twenty-four hours. about three quarters of the universe states claim to be democratic. As recognized this signifier of administration may look to be. still it has some built-in defects as a system of administration. Most of the critics of this signifier of authorities claim that democracy is morally corrupt. humanly unjust. economically inefficient and humanly unjust. It is because of this position that Winston Churchill said that. Democracy is the worst signifier of authorities. except for all those that has been tried from clip to clip. Democracy definition Harmonizing to the English Oxford Dictionary. democracy is defined as the system of authorities by all the eligible members of the province or the whole population. One clip US president. Abraham Lincoln. summed up the really kernel of democracy as it being. the authorities of the people. by the people and for the people ( History Place 2012 ) . This of class was an idealist position and in respect to the current system. we can state that the true democracy was merely demonstrated in 1918 when the representation of people act gave adult females the right to vote or they were declared as eligible electors. Before this act passage or reform. democracy in Britain was merely afforded by the rich and in fact up to the terminal of the eighteenth century. merely about two per centum of the population were entitled to vote. Following a figure of critical reforms in the interruption of the nineteenth century. voting rights were extended easy that lead to the apogee of the 3rd Reform Act of 18 84 that saw all work forces geting ballots. This is the clip that we can term as the important bend of event that led to the democracy that we all enjoy today. There are differences to the democratic signifiers of authorities that exist today. In UK. we have the centralistic signifier of authorities where determinations are made in the capital and the local governments are demanded to move harmonizing to these determinations and regulations. In contrast to this. the federal authorities of Germany gives a batch of power to the federal province and this is the same signifier of democracy that is practiced in the United States ( Dobson. 2012 ) Other signifiers of authorities As we know. democracy is non the standardized signifier of authorities that is practiced all over the universe. There are many other options that are evident in other states. For illustration in the democracy of Korea. there exists a totalitarian government. This signifier of authorities is entirely based on political orientation. This political orientation claims the general cogency for all the life facets and frequently tries to replace faith. A totalitarian signifier of administration does non digest any sort of divergence from the known political orientation and any individual who attempts to oppose this political orientation is persecuted. This was of class the signifier that was adopted by the Nazi Germany that led to the political oppositions being persecuted and tortured and besides detained in the concentration cantonments taking to the race murder of the cultural minorities who were in line with the Nazi policy. Even though the autocratic signifier of administration is linked to the totalitarian government. they have no distinguishable province political orientation and they besides grant some cultural and economic freedoms being careful non to endanger their policies. The end that the autocratic government takes as being the most of import is the care of power along with personal enrichment on the cost of the population and the state as a whole ( democracy-building web site. 2005. ) . There are other signifiers of authorities that are evident and the 1 that is of peculiar involvement is the Theocracy signifier of administration that is practiced by the Republic of Iran. This is known as government by God . This is where the functionary policy is governed by godly counsel or by people or functionary regarded as divinely guided. or it is merely pursuant to the philosophy of a specific faith or a spiritual group ( merriam-webster online encyclopaedia 2012 ) . With respect to the UK’s democratic signifier of administration that we have in topographic point. its success can be determined by how the authorities interpret what we as people wants. The recent alterations like the Scots degeneration along with the creative activity of the Welsh assembly sends light that if democracy is for the people. so such constitutional alterations can be termed as built-in and besides successful portion of pattern of democracy. As we said earlier. the actual significance of democracy is the authorities of the people. for the people and by the people. But when the construct of democracy is mixed up with that of administration. this is truly non the instance even though we get the protagonists of democracy feigning to be so. When the people are told that democracy is the regulation by the people. so that’s a false belief. If there is administration that is over those people. than there exist no authorities or administration by the people. Owing to this statement. the democracies that are adopted by many states for case the western states are in fact oligarchies in every item. But the people who are the chief topics believe that there are free and become apathetic of the same and they do non see any further demand for revolution. The formation that is certainly oligarchy is the 1 that makes democracy to be termed as the worst signifier of authorities like Winston Churchill termed it. Below the statement s that point out the worseness of the democratic signifier of authorities are discussed. Among these are democracy and economic instability and Democracy as a vehicle of pandemonium and lawlessness. Besides the connexion of constabulary force in Canada and democracy will be discussed in inside informations mentioning the chief characteristics of the issue. the advocators of the issue and besides the positions of the issue. Democracy strains Economic instability The frequent alterations of power that follows the democratic construct of transporting a general election after a term period of four or five old ages is a major beginning of economic instability for the states that pattern democratic signifier of authorities. Prior to election. each political party comes out with their pronunciamento of how they will regulate the state. A political party that wins the election may non be the 1 that was antecedently on power. When a new political party takes power they bring other policies that were non the 1s adopted by their replacement. This leads to frequent alterations of policies with respect to the country’s economic system. These alterations can non merely extremely daunt investings but besides affects corporate and single concerns. hence restricting the country’s economic growing. The short and limited continuance that a certain political party takes power besides leads to short term policies. This comes in because the politic ians have the thought that they are in power for a limited clip period and so they adopt This leads to frequent alterations of policies with respect to the country’s economic system. These alterations can non merely extremely daunt investings but besides affects corporate and single concerns. hence restricting the country’s economic growing. The short and limited continuance that a certain political party takes power besides leads to short term policies. This comes in because the politicians have the thought that they are in power for a limited clip period and so they adopt short term policies that will convey immediate satisfaction for the citizens so that they can win their ballots for the following general election. These policies are adopted even though they could be disadvantageous in the long-run. This means that the democratic states largely will give their short term strivings for the long tally additions. This adversely affects the economic system of the state. In most instances. the economic systems are the 1s that suffer because policies are non given that clip period to be tested and tried before they are adopted. Merely come with a policy that will proof to be effectual to the common people even though it could be black in future. The These policies are adopted even though they could be disadvantageous in the long-run. This means that the democratic states largely will give their short term strivings for the long tally additions. This adversely affects the economic system of the state. In most instances. the economic systems are the 1s that suffer because policies are non given that clip period to be tested and tried before they are adopted. Merely come with a policy that will proof to be effectual to the common people even though it could be black in future. The of all time lifting debt of the UK and Us and many of other democratic states could be attributed to the economic instability that is brought about by short-termism which is the chief defect of the democratic signifier of authorities. These alterations can non merely extremely daunt investings but besides affects corporate and single concerns. hence restricting the country’s economic growing. The short and limited continuance that a certain political party takes power besides leads to short term policies. This comes in because the politicians have the thought that they are in power for a limited clip period and so they adopt short term policies that will convey immediate satisfaction for the citizens so that they can win their ballots for the following general election. These policies are adopted even though they could be disadvantageous in the long-run. This means that the democratic states largely will give their short term strivings for the long tally additions. This adversely affects the economic system of the state. In most instances. the economic systems are the 1s that suffer because policies are non given that clip period to be tested and tried before they are adopted. Merely come with a policy that will proof to be effectual to the common people even though it could be black in future. The of all time lifting debt of the UK and Us and many of other democratic states could be attributed to the economic instability that is brought about by short-termism which is the chief defect of the democratic signifier of authorities. This means that the democratic states largely will give their short term strivings for the long tally additions. This adversely affects the economic system of the state. In most instances. the economic systems are the 1s that suffer because policies are non given that clip period to be tested and tried before they are adopted. Merely come with a policy that will proof to be effectual to the common people even though it could be black in future. The of all time lifting debt of the UK and Us and many of other democratic states could be attributed to the economic instability that is brought about by short-termism which is the chief defect of the democratic signifier of authorities. The free market economic experts like Milton Friedman believed that democracy produces inefficient economic systems. These economic experts argue that if the authorities were to do effectual economic systems. they need to do what is by and large regarded as unpopular determinations. for case mass denationalization ; taking the rights of the workers and besides deregulating particularly a clip like this of economic asceticism. This illustration is the 1 that is termed as governing paradox’ ( Flinders. 2010. p. 311 ) . Largely. this is what is seen as built-in contradiction between capitalist economy and democracy in that. as economic agents. all persons are expected to move in their ain involvement but when it comes to projecting their ballots. they are expected to move in the involvement of the society. The critics are possibly rights when they say that democracy can take to ineffective authorities. This can be traced many old ages ago when Aristotle started set uping typologies and categorizing political systems. Harmonizing to him. democracy was a perverted’ signifier of administration or regulation by many. Democracy as a vehicle of pandemonium and lawlessness The ancient great minds and philosophers like Plat. Machiavelli and Thomas Hobbes were really critical on the defects that come by with the democracy signifier of administration. They saw the construct of democracy as an limitless freedom and autonomy for all which is a tool of use that can climax into pandemonium and upset in the society. Despite democracy being the most popular signifier of administration in today’s universe. this signifier of authorities is prone to the use of wild politicians and other stakeholders who are out to utilize it as a tool to get power and roll up the country’s wealth for their selfish involvement hence create lawlessness and pandemonium to the society as a whole. For case. Tomas Hobbes saw democracy as a signifier of authorities that permits foolhardy autonomy that will normally sabotage the jurisprudence preservation and the social order. Most of the politicians normally will work the hostility between the economic categories and the un similarity in the cultural groups to turn them into ballots for their political parties. Alternatively of step ining for good and for the passions of the people. these politicians unruly politicians will evidently fun them so that they can be seen as the heroes. First. they monopolize the media and utilize it to propagate these classs. This finally pokes holes into the community and creates differences that finally consequences into pandemonium and public violences in these groups. In the twelvemonth 2006 for case. two major national broad public violences erupted in the state of France. The first was in economic in nature and started in the month of February and the following was both spiritual and cultural erupted in November the same twelvemonth. These public violences are among the illustrations that can be brought approximately by the diverse sentiments within the state. For case. Tomas Hobbes saw democracy as a signifier of authorities that permits foolhardy autonomy that will normally sabotage the jurisprudence preservation and the social order. Most of the politicians normally will work the hostility between the economic categories and the unsimilarity in the cultural groups to turn them into ballots for their political parties. Alternatively of step ining for good and for the passions of the people. these politicians unruly politicians will evidently fun them so that they can be seen as the heroes. First. they monopolize the media and utilize it to propagate these classs. This finally pokes holes into the community and creates differences that finally consequences into pandemonium and public violences in these groups. In the twelvemonth 2006 for case. two major national broad public violences erupted in the state of France. The first was in economic in nature and started in the month of February and the following was both spiritual and cultural e rupted in November the same twelvemonth. These public violences are among the illustrations that can be brought approximately by the diverse sentiments within the state. For case. Tomas Hobbes saw democracy as a signifier of authorities that permits foolhardy autonomy that will normally sabotage the jurisprudence preservation and the social order. Most of the politicians normally will work the hostility between the economic categories and the unsimilarity in the cultural groups to turn them into ballots for their political parties. Alternatively of step ining for good and for the passions of the people. these politicians unruly politicians will evidently fun them so that they can be seen as the heroes. First. they monopolize the media and utilize it to propagate these classs. This finally pokes holes into the community and creates differences that finally consequences into pandemonium and public violences in these groups. In the twelvemonth 2006 for case. two major national broad public violences erupted in the state of France. The first was in economic in nature and started in the month of February and the following was both spiritual and cultural e rupted in November the same twelvemonth. These public violences are among the illustrations that can be brought approximately by the diverse sentiments within the state. For case. Tomas Hobbes saw democracy as a signifier of authorities that permits foolhardy autonomy that will normally sabotage the jurisprudence preservation and the social order. Most of the politicians normally will work the hostility between the economic categories and the unsimilarity in the cultural groups to turn them into ballots for their political parties. Alternatively of step ining for good and for the passions of the people. these politicians unruly politicians will evidently fun them so that they can be seen as the heroes. First. they monopolize the media and utilize it to propagate these classs. This finally pokes holes into the community and creates differences that finally consequences into pandemonium and public violences in these groups. In the twelvemonth 2006 for case. two major national broad public violences erupted in the state of France. The first was in economic in nature and started in the month of February and the following was both spiritual and cultural e rupted in November the same twelvemonth. These public violences are among the illustrations that can be brought approximately by the diverse sentiments within the state. Democracy can be said to be a pluralist system of power distribution that is set to administer power among the many and diverse viing groups even though non every bit. Even if democracy can be said to be somehow worse. it achieves a greater degree of political equality amongst the citizens than any other signifier and hence reflects the cardinal belief that all persons or worlds are all born equal and so the consent of administration should arise from the governed ( Dahl. 1998 ) . In add-on. this signifier of authorities allows persons to protect their ego involvements. The nature of worlds dictates that each and every person desires some control over their demands and wants and John Stuart Mill said that the ability to protect 1s involvements protects us from immorality in the custodies of others. The competition that exists between different groups of people within the society is precisely what differentiates democracy from dictatorship. As it was argued by ( Flinders. 2010 ) . Dif ference is good . The treatment and argument along with the exercising of the right to freedom of address act as the pillars upon which democracy is formed. Inherently. democracy is a system of rights. By definition. democracy grants both civil and political rights to the citizens so that they can to the full take part in the democratic procedure. The nature of worlds dictates that each and every person desires some control over their demands and wants and John Stuart Mill said that the ability to protect 1s involvements protects us from immorality in the custodies of others. The competition that exists between different groups of people within the society is precisely what differentiates democracy from dictatorship. As it was argued by ( Flinders. 2010 ) . Difference is good . The treatment and argument along with the exercising of the right to freedom of address act as the pillars upon which democracy is formed. Inherently. democracy is a system of rights. By definition. democracy grants both civil and political rights to the citizens so that they can to the full take part in the democratic procedure. So as for all the citizens to take part and hear the voice of their people. it is so really critical to allow these citizens the right to the freedom of assembly that is non provided for in the totalitarian nor in the important governments. The belief of equality is besides one of the edifice pillars of democracy and therefore implementing and set uping the rights gives this a greater grade of equality than any other non-democratic signifier of authorities. In fact. allowing these rights helps shield the minority from persecution and besides let them to besides protect their involvements. The society that we are in these yearss is made up of heterogenous groups. all which represent different and varied involvements ; all these must be respected and recognized. If we do non detect this. we will evidently be perpetrating ourselves to govern by an elite or selected few who think that their involvement are over those of the other people. The constabulary force and democracy in Canada In Canada. the usage of constabulary force and force has become one of the greatest concerns to the society. Many civilians and pupils are going more concerned about the force that is applied by the constabulary in most brushs with the citizens in different state of affairs. Following some of the bad encounters the people had with the constabulary officers. many people are now be givening to believe that constabulary in most of the clip act to strip the people their constitutional rights and hence they are go againsting the regulation of democracy. The critics say that constabulary sometimes employ much power to the civilians by usage of force and force. On the other manus. the advocators of this say that the constabulary are entitled to utilize any power to halt offenses and besides procure the people’s well-being. For old ages the force and force that has been used by constabulary officers and the local authorization in Canada has been non merely of major concern but besides a important issue that has to be addressed for democracy to be realised. It all commences when a constabulary officer abuse the powers that has been delegated to them by the province and fundamental law. In Canada. it has become obvious that each twenty-four hours in and twenty-four hours out at that place must be a instance where a constabulary officer has employed inordinate power to the civilians. As the literacy degrees are increasing all twenty-four hours. people are going more cognizant of their democratic rights and the voices are going united day-to-day. The governments and the officers are in topographic point to protect. aid and advance safety in communities. There many people who are registering ailments daily against the constabulary officers who are doing force and utilizing unneeded force during apprehension. In many cases in the metropolis. we have seen how two or three constabulary officers beat up a defenceless citizen utilizing their wands or how they mistreat adult females and adolescents. These are all the instances that are act against democracy of whom the people should be basking. owing to the fact that this is a regulation for the people. for the people and by the people. The heightened engineering and the media has promoted the consciousness that the constabulary are climaxing force by mistreating their powers. This has created fright and misgiving by the people towards the constabulary sections. In conformity to the penal jurisprudence guidelines. the constabulary are merely justified to utilize force that is merely necessary to forestall homicide or a offense. The advocators The advocators for the constabulary use of power and force term the constabulary as an armed force for engagement and protection. They declare the power of the constabulary by them being armed forces ; so. they demonstrate their power by saying protection and show their community connexion by saying that they participate. First these officers have the delegated power by their arm that they carry and the ability that this arm has to do other people to follow to the jurisprudence. They argue that. by the fact that constabularies have been given the authorization to protect ; they must in any agencies pursue this end even if it means usage of inordinate or unneeded powers. Finally. the engagement construct emphasizes the relationship between the officer and the community. To guarantee that the communities are safeguarded efficaciously. they are free to utilize any power whether it means to strip a individual his/her constitutional rights or non. How we can better democracy on this issue The constabulary officers besides being one of the citizens. they should endeavor to function the communities they are in with their best involvement at bosom while safeguarding the democratic rights of the civilians. The constabulary officers are the functionaries that are mandated to enforce the Torahs while continuing order in the society and they should non move in a mode that may climax force or in any instance deprive any single his/her democratic rights. In the instances that the constabulary officers are called into some nerve-racking and unsafe events that may affect violent affraies. that must be controlled. We as the citizens besides do non desire to see our streets run by felons who terrorize other people. It is true that in some instances police officers are allowed to utilize force but non in all the state of affairss or self created state of affairss geared at hassling a civilian or striping him/her his/her democratic rights. Let us all observe the jurisprudence. Mentions Abraham Lincoln. The Gettysburg Adddress. Available hypertext transfer protocol: //www. historyplace. com/speech/gettysburg. htm. Last assessed 05 June 2012 Dahl. Robert A. On Democracy. New Haven: Yale UP. 1998. Print. Dobson. William J. The Dictator’s Learning Curve: Inside the Global Battle for Democracy. New York: Doubleday. 2012. Print. Flinders. Matthew V. Democratic Drift: Majoritarian Modification and Democratic Anomie in the United Kingdom. Oxford: Oxford UP. 2010. Print. Johnson. Marilynn S. Johnson. erectile dysfunction. Street Justice: A History of Police Violence in Canada. Beacon Press. p. 365. 2004. Loree. Don Corruption in Patroling: Causes and Consequences ; A Review of the Literature . Research and Evaluation Community. Contract and Aboriginal Policing Services Directorate. Royal Canadian Mounted Police. 2006 Peterson. Amsterdam. Democracy. Policy and Economic development. Capital of sweden: Stockholm Press. 2005. Stein Ringen. Three Priorities to Better UK Democracy. 2007 Theocracy. Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/theocracy. Last accessed 05 Jude 2012 Beginning papers

Copper Age Cemetery

Varna Bulgaria - Eneolithic/Copper Age Cemetery Varna is the name of a Eneolithic/Late Copper Age cemetery located in northeastern Bulgaria, slightly inland of the Black Sea and north of the Varna Lakes. The cemetery was used for about century between 4560-4450 BC. Excavations at the site have revealed a total of nearly 300 graves, within an area of approximately 7,500 square meters (81,000 square feet or approximately 2 acres). To date, the cemetery has not been found to be associated with a settlement: the closest human occupation of the same date consists of 13 pile-based lake dwellings, located near Varna Lakes and thought to be of approximately the same period. However, no connection to the cemetery has been established as of yet. Grave goods from Varna included an enormous amount of goldwork, a total of over 3,000 gold objects weighing more than 6 kilograms (13 pounds). In addition, 160 copper objects, 320 flint artifacts, 90 stone objects and more than 650 clay vessels have been found. In addition, over 12,000 dentalium shells and about 1,100 Spondylus shell ornaments were also recovered. Also collected were red tubular beads made from carnelian. Most of these artifacts were recovered from elite burials. Elite Burials Of the 294 graves, a handful were clearly high status or elite burials, probably representing chiefs. Burial 43, for example, included 990 gold artifacts weighing 1.5 kg (3.3 lb) alone. Stable isotope data suggests that the people at Varna consumed both terrestrial (millet) and marine resources: human remains associated with the richest burials (43 and 51) had isotope signatures that indicated higher percentage consumption of marine protein. A total of 43 of the graves are cenotaphs, symbolic graves containing no human remains. Some of these contained clay masks with gold objects placed in what would be the location of eyes, mouth, nose and ears. AMS radiocarbon dates on animal and human bones from burial contexts returned calibrated dates between 4608-4430 BC; but most artifacts of this type date to the later Eneolithic period, suggesting that the Black Sea location was a center of social and cultural innovation. Archaeology The Varna cemetery was discovered in 1972 and excavated well into the 1990s by Ivan S. Ivanov of the Varna Museum, G. I. Georgiev and M. Lazarov. The site has not been as yet been completely published, although a handful of scientific articles have appeared in English language journals. Sources This article is a part of the About.com guide to the Chalcolithic, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Gaydarska B, and Chapman J. 2008. The aesthetics or colour and brilliance - or why were prehistoric persons interested in rocks, minerals, clays and pigments? In: Kostov RI, Gaydarska B, and Gurova M, editors. Geoarchaeology and Archaeomineralogy: Proceedings of the International Conference. Sofia: Publishing House St. Ivan Rilski. p 63-66. Higham T, Chapman J, Slavchev V, Gaydarska B, Honch NV, Yordanov Y, and Dimitrova B. 2007. New perspectives on the Varna cemetery (Bulgaria) – AMS dates and social implications. Antiquity 81(313):640-654. Honch NV, Higham TFG, Chapman J, Gaydarska B, and Hedges REM. 2006. A palaeodietary investigation of carbon (13C/12C) and nitrogen (15N/14N) in human and faunal bones from the Copper Age cemeteries of Varna I and Durankulak, Bulgaria. Journal of Archaeological Science 33:1493-1504. Renfrew C. 1978.  Varna and the social context of early metallurgy.  Antiquity 52(206):199-203.

Art of war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Art of war - Essay Example I chose this quote because I understand the important role played by human labor in accomplishing any activity. This quote is relevant because people are the most important resource that any organization or company can have. Regardless of the nature of the organization or the type of activity being undertaken, the human resource is very important. Unfortunately, not all organizations or companies reward their people for the efforts they put in. This quote therefore helps us understand and appreciate the important role played by people in an organization or company. In the workplace setting, this quote can cause the management to come up with reward programs for their employees. In order to get the best of employees, organizations need to reward them for the work performed. Through this quote, managers can be made to understand the importance of keeping a motivated workforce as a recipe for success. For example, a company may come up with a policy of taking its employees for holiday every month as an appreciation for their efforts. Regardless of the reward programs adopted, this quote can cause senior management to rethink of how it treats its

Artistic Appropriation, Copyright and Creativity Literature review

Artistic Appropriation, Copyright and Creativity - Literature review Example Collage is a type of appropriation. Different parts of copyrighted works are incorporated in a random manner to form a totally different and new work not previously existed. Aim This literature review aims to explore the different scholars’ views in the favor of the statement that modern scope of copyright restricts the culture of collage and visual arts appropriation as well as the views of scholars against this notion. Objectives 1. What is the concept of appropriation? 2. What is the modern interpretation of a copyright? 3. What is the impact of copyright on the creativity and advancement of artistic knowledge? 4. How practice of appropriation can survive in the technological age? 5. What are the alternative approaches to use copyrighted works without resorting to an infringement? 6. What works are appropriated and are considered enforceable in the courts of law? 7. Are there any theories for copyright and fair use? 8. Is there any case law available related to appropriatio n and copyrights? 9. Who are the authors in favor of the statement and against it? Literature Review Lankford (2011) explored the history of the practice of appropriating visual arts. He argued that this practice dates back to Greeks period who invented the technique of appropriation. ... The author further observed that as a result, the artist freely appropriated other works to form a collage work (Cohen, 2011; p.89). The modern copyright law has its roots in the Statute of Anne of 1710 that recognized author rights in a certain but limited manner (Pedley, 2005). Hampel (1992) argued in the favour of artist’s appropriation. He postulated that the appropriation does not deprive the copyright holders of their copyrights and any of their financial benefits. Therefore, Hampel (1992) required that they should be free to use the other artist’s works without seeking authorization or licensing. Furthermore, Meyers (2006) highlighted that the copyrights law discourages the artists to expand and innovate in their works. The author forcefully disagreed with the licensing and authorization requirements to initiate an appropriation of visual arts, which drags on the time frame for its completion. Davies (2010) an advocate of copyright law provides that the term copy right literally means the right to copy. He postulated that the appropriation of visual arts in the form of a collage work is a copyrightable subject matter as it is an expression in physical form instead of a mere idea that has no physical form for claiming intellectual property rights over it. He provided that when a work is applied for copyright registration, the Intellectual Property Office of United Kingdom examines the work in terms of its originality, degree of labour, skill or judgement exhibited by the work. Davies (2010) provided that the work has to be original and should not be similar to others copyrighted work otherwise it will become an infringement of other’s copyright. The

Blue Ocean Strategy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Blue Ocean Strategy - Research Paper Example Blue ocean strategy: BOS is the synchronized detection of discrimination and short cost. The aim of BOS is not to surpass the opposition in the present industry, but to generate new marketplace room or a blue ocean by making the struggle extraneous. BOS frameworks and apparatus contain policy canvas, price curve, four procedures framework, six paths, buyer understanding cycle, buyer utility map and blue ocean idea directory. These frameworks and tools are considered to be an effective illustration made through easy communication. BOS covers both policy formulation and plan implementation. The three key theoretical construction blocks of BOS are: price improvement, tipping point leadership, and reasonable process. While spirited strategy is a structuralist theory of approach in which arrangement shapes strategy, BOS is a Reconstructionist theory of stratagem where strategy shapes structure. As an incorporated advancement to approach at the classification level, BOS requires organizati ons to expand and line up the three plan propositions: value proposition, profit proposition and people proposition. Consumers and blue ocean strategy: By analyzing the past mistakes and then in order to correct them, Nintendo planned remedies like the â€Å"regular† aimed age groups and had entered an entire fresh measurement. Nintendo has made good progress and advanced the â€Å"casual gamers† group. According to Blue Ocean Strategy theory, at hand there are three groups of noncustomers that any business can achieve out as they are the â€Å"soon-to-be† noncustomers, that is, the people at the market edge. Second come the â€Å"refusing† ones who intentionally affect decisions along with the market and then the final ones like the â€Å"Unexplored† noncustomers, who can be seen only in the diverse markets. The Wii put forward a bound of costs that attracted the first tier (casual gamers), and the second tier customers appeared to be frequently u naffected. However, it is the thirds tier that looks to have been glad by the invention of Wii. â€Å"The Nintendo Wii was born and has been wildly popular with girls, families, and seniors. They reduced their costs by going low tech and increased the value by making it easy to understand, fun to play and active. Thus the Wii has outsold their competitors at a very high profit† (The Three Tiers Tool - Identifying your non customers, 2009, P.20). The Wii has even been admired for utilization as a way of revival for corporeal treatment of patients, being agreed by doctors to recover potency and even healing of definite injuries. The buyer utility map: (Strategy Hub, 2011). The buyer utility map assists to get manager thoughts from the correct viewpoint. It outlines all the services that the lever company can bring to buyers as well as the dissimilar experience buyers can have with regard to a manufactured goods or service. This lets managers recognize the full range of convenie nce propositions that a product or service can present. â€Å"Buyer Utility Map is a tool that helps managers test whether their business or product/service

The Marlin Firearms Company marketing profile Essay

The Marlin Firearms Company marketing profile - Essay Example The Company currently sells nine major firearms, has historically produced many different types of firearms, and has evolved its marketing strategies to better reflect the attitudes and beliefs of today's buyers all over the world The various marketing objectives for the company have altered over the course of its existence and currently are reflecting the values of a large group of consumers who want specific products.The Marlin Firearms Company specializes in small arms manufacture and accessories. Originally, consumer appreciation of these products came from their basic differences from other firearms like those produced by large companies like Winchester (Marlin online, "The history of Marlin Firearms"). The machine guns produced by the company in the early 20th century were used en mass by soldiers during the First World War, but now the company has focused its production and marketing to smaller handguns and rifles that are used by homeowners and hunters. Communicative objectiv es for Marlin concerning their products are that these firearms are not, as in the past, for large scale warfare but for protection, collection and hunting expeditions. These are values the company realizes its customers hold highly and by focusing the range of products onto these values, Marlin is known for personal, acceptable manufacture of firearms.Marlin products are promoted on the basis that every customer has his or her own target in mind: whether it is actual target practice, small game, large game, deer, bears or random varmints, Marlin has a shotgun or rifle to get the job done. The premise of this promotional strategy is "Find Your Target" (Brophy 1989), and whether shopping online or speaking with a local dealer, customers can discover which guns suit their needs and skill levels. Along with the guns themselves, Marlin promotes an entire line of accessories such as hats, gun slings, books and knives to accompany the hunting lifestyle. In particular, marketing is focused on Americans who have often grown up with parents or grandparents who hunted, and who want to continue what they view as a traditionally way of life. Marlin markets itself as "America's Favorite Riflemaker" (ibid.), a title that speaks for itself in terms of advertising. There is a large pull in the American market for hunting gear simply so that Americans can embrace this kind of lifestyle; Marlin caters to the existing market by advertising products specific to the purpose consumers have in mind. Promotional Budget The Marlin Firearm Company makes an estimated $28 300 000 annually in profit; it employs more than 575 people and is able to allocate up to 70% of revenue directly to marketing strategies (Manta online and Brophy 1989). This money is divided between the publishing of the sales catalogue, the upkeep of the website and advertising campaigns in many related publications. With the bulk of the budget being spent on various sponsorships in arms-related publications, Marlin spends relatively little on the maintenance on the website that accounts for a large portion of their income. The online catalogue and sales pitches found on the Marlin Firearms website are the most efficient way to advertise and make direct sales to customers who find the company through a simple keyword search. Media Strategies The Marlin Firearms Company has been a big part of the American firearm industry for some time now; despite this foundational image the company ensures that its name persists with constant sponsorship and event collaboration. The production of the company's own catalogue goes a long way to presenting Marlin products to the public,

New Independent School in the Middle East Essay

New Independent School in the Middle East - Essay Example As a part of the dominant culture’s changes upon the local inhabitants, the colonial authorities often enforced mandatory modern education for all children within a given age range. In the modern world, it is common for children to attend compulsory education centers beginning at approximately age 5 or 6 and continuing through the primary levels, meaning through age 11 or 12. This means that they are required to attend school when between these ages. Some countries also enforce school attendance through the lower secondary grades to age 15 or 16 although the school is available to students through age 17 or 18. The enforcement of an education was not as much of a change in the Middle East as might be thought by outside interests primarily because they had already established Koranic schools. However, instead of being a means of finding common ground, â€Å"this alternative system was in competition with the colonial one not only because of its religious reference but also bec ause of its opposition to Western cultural hegemony† (Akkari, 2004). Within the Muslim society, a school intended for religious enlightenment has a sharply different role than school intended for modern development of the culture. The primary role of the Koranic school is to educate children in their proper, traditional roles and to enforce upon them the beliefs of their parents and ancestors. â€Å"The Koranic school, with lessons in Arabic by a teacher of religion known as Malam, Fakih, is an essential part of the upbringing of a Muslim child† (Akkari, 2004).

Osmosis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Osmosis - Essay Example Water can pass through the membrane, either going inside the cell or going outside of it. In what direction does the water flow This is what this osmosis experiment will try to find out. According to the scientific theory, water will flow from a place where the concentration of chemicals is lower to another place where the concentration of chemicals is higher. What this means is that if the amount of chemicals inside the cell is higher than the amount of chemicals outside the cell, water will flow from the outside to the inside. The cell will absorb water. When the cell absorbs water, the cell will increase in weight or gain weight because there will be more water inside it. If the amount of chemicals outside the cell is higher than the amount of chemicals inside the cell, water will flow from the inside to the outside. The cell will lose water. When this happens, the cell will lose weight because there will be less water inside it. My experiment therefore will test whether the following hypothesis is true: that water will pass through the cell membrane of a plant or vegetable from the solution where the amount of chemicals is higher and into the solution where the amount of chemicals is lower. 8. This test is repeated four more times. ... Measuring spoon: 1 teaspoon = gram Weighing scale Clamp Paper and pen for recording data Timer I decided to conduct the experiment in the following way. 1. Cut a piece of swede into 15 slices and placed the slices inside a container at room temperature and covered the container with a lid. 2. Poured tap water into each test tube labelled A, B, and C. 3. Used the clamp to pick up three slices of swede A, B, and C and weighed each slice using the scale. 4. Recorded the weight in grams. 5. Placed slice A of swede in test tube A; slice B in test tube B; and slice C in test tube C to soak in the solution. Waited for 5 minutes. 6. Used the clamp to pick up the soaked swede and weighed it. Recorded the weight of each slice A, B, and C in grams. 7. I then threw away the water in the test tube, cleaned the test tube, and dried it. 8. This test is repeated four more times. Steps 2 to 4 above were followed, but before step 5, I used a teaspoon to add salt to the water in the pan. I then mixed the water for 1 minute until the salt was dissolved before putting the slice of swede inside the test tube to soak for 5 minutes. 9. The amount of salt in each test was: a. Test 1 0 teaspoon b. Test 2 1 teaspoon c. Test 3 2 teaspoons d. Test 4 3 teaspoons e. Test 5 4 teaspoons The results of the experiment are shown in Table 1. The mass of each piece of swede before and after soaking in the solution is recorded in grams. The change in mass is recorded in grams. The amount of salt added to the water is also measured in grams. The time is measured in minutes. The temperature for the environment is recorded in degrees Celsius. The temperatures for the materials used in the experiment - the 15 pieces of swede, salt, and water - are kept constant and is measured in degrees

The Marlin Firearms Company marketing profile Essay

The Marlin Firearms Company marketing profile - Essay Example The Company currently sells nine major firearms, has historically produced many different types of firearms, and has evolved its marketing strategies to better reflect the attitudes and beliefs of today's buyers all over the world The various marketing objectives for the company have altered over the course of its existence and currently are reflecting the values of a large group of consumers who want specific products.The Marlin Firearms Company specializes in small arms manufacture and accessories. Originally, consumer appreciation of these products came from their basic differences from other firearms like those produced by large companies like Winchester (Marlin online, "The history of Marlin Firearms"). The machine guns produced by the company in the early 20th century were used en mass by soldiers during the First World War, but now the company has focused its production and marketing to smaller handguns and rifles that are used by homeowners and hunters. Communicative objectiv es for Marlin concerning their products are that these firearms are not, as in the past, for large scale warfare but for protection, collection and hunting expeditions. These are values the company realizes its customers hold highly and by focusing the range of products onto these values, Marlin is known for personal, acceptable manufacture of firearms.Marlin products are promoted on the basis that every customer has his or her own target in mind: whether it is actual target practice, small game, large game, deer, bears or random varmints, Marlin has a shotgun or rifle to get the job done. The premise of this promotional strategy is "Find Your Target" (Brophy 1989), and whether shopping online or speaking with a local dealer, customers can discover which guns suit their needs and skill levels. Along with the guns themselves, Marlin promotes an entire line of accessories such as hats, gun slings, books and knives to accompany the hunting lifestyle. In particular, marketing is focused on Americans who have often grown up with parents or grandparents who hunted, and who want to continue what they view as a traditionally way of life. Marlin markets itself as "America's Favorite Riflemaker" (ibid.), a title that speaks for itself in terms of advertising. There is a large pull in the American market for hunting gear simply so that Americans can embrace this kind of lifestyle; Marlin caters to the existing market by advertising products specific to the purpose consumers have in mind. Promotional Budget The Marlin Firearm Company makes an estimated $28 300 000 annually in profit; it employs more than 575 people and is able to allocate up to 70% of revenue directly to marketing strategies (Manta online and Brophy 1989). This money is divided between the publishing of the sales catalogue, the upkeep of the website and advertising campaigns in many related publications. With the bulk of the budget being spent on various sponsorships in arms-related publications, Marlin spends relatively little on the maintenance on the website that accounts for a large portion of their income. The online catalogue and sales pitches found on the Marlin Firearms website are the most efficient way to advertise and make direct sales to customers who find the company through a simple keyword search. Media Strategies The Marlin Firearms Company has been a big part of the American firearm industry for some time now; despite this foundational image the company ensures that its name persists with constant sponsorship and event collaboration. The production of the company's own catalogue goes a long way to presenting Marlin products to the public,

Osmosis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Osmosis - Essay Example Water can pass through the membrane, either going inside the cell or going outside of it. In what direction does the water flow This is what this osmosis experiment will try to find out. According to the scientific theory, water will flow from a place where the concentration of chemicals is lower to another place where the concentration of chemicals is higher. What this means is that if the amount of chemicals inside the cell is higher than the amount of chemicals outside the cell, water will flow from the outside to the inside. The cell will absorb water. When the cell absorbs water, the cell will increase in weight or gain weight because there will be more water inside it. If the amount of chemicals outside the cell is higher than the amount of chemicals inside the cell, water will flow from the inside to the outside. The cell will lose water. When this happens, the cell will lose weight because there will be less water inside it. My experiment therefore will test whether the following hypothesis is true: that water will pass through the cell membrane of a plant or vegetable from the solution where the amount of chemicals is higher and into the solution where the amount of chemicals is lower. 8. This test is repeated four more times. ... Measuring spoon: 1 teaspoon = gram Weighing scale Clamp Paper and pen for recording data Timer I decided to conduct the experiment in the following way. 1. Cut a piece of swede into 15 slices and placed the slices inside a container at room temperature and covered the container with a lid. 2. Poured tap water into each test tube labelled A, B, and C. 3. Used the clamp to pick up three slices of swede A, B, and C and weighed each slice using the scale. 4. Recorded the weight in grams. 5. Placed slice A of swede in test tube A; slice B in test tube B; and slice C in test tube C to soak in the solution. Waited for 5 minutes. 6. Used the clamp to pick up the soaked swede and weighed it. Recorded the weight of each slice A, B, and C in grams. 7. I then threw away the water in the test tube, cleaned the test tube, and dried it. 8. This test is repeated four more times. Steps 2 to 4 above were followed, but before step 5, I used a teaspoon to add salt to the water in the pan. I then mixed the water for 1 minute until the salt was dissolved before putting the slice of swede inside the test tube to soak for 5 minutes. 9. The amount of salt in each test was: a. Test 1 0 teaspoon b. Test 2 1 teaspoon c. Test 3 2 teaspoons d. Test 4 3 teaspoons e. Test 5 4 teaspoons The results of the experiment are shown in Table 1. The mass of each piece of swede before and after soaking in the solution is recorded in grams. The change in mass is recorded in grams. The amount of salt added to the water is also measured in grams. The time is measured in minutes. The temperature for the environment is recorded in degrees Celsius. The temperatures for the materials used in the experiment - the 15 pieces of swede, salt, and water - are kept constant and is measured in degrees

Rationale - how women are treated in soap operas Essay Example for Free

Rationale how women are treated in soap operas Essay I am going to be investigating into how women are treated in soap operas. The reason I have chosen to carry out this study is due to the fact that I think that women are given very stereotypical roles within soap operas and it is very hard for them to break out of those boundaries and those specific labels they have been given. The method I will take to reach my objective is to use the content analysis approach. This is a method I will adopt using Meehans research. My aim is to compare how much or how less has changed within that period of time. I hypothesise that in comparison to Meehans analysis of soap operas women are still labelled in the same categories. From this method I should be able to reach to a conclusion as to whether my hypothesis is correct. The method of research I am going to use is content analysis of magazines, TV and newspaper. Content analysis involves the very careful quantification of the content of the media messages. It is able to give a general impression about media content, which can be the basis of theoretical work or policy and programme development. Therefore the way I will carry out my research is by using Meehans study that was carried out in 1960s and 1970s on soap operas and how he categorised the women within the soaps into specific groups. I will carry out my research using a lot of primary resources. To investigate this concept I am going to look at the model, which is similar to the hypodermic syringe model. I am also going to use the feminist approach to try to explain some of the reasons as to why there are so many stereotypical views within soap operas towards women. I am going to be looking at Fergusons feminist cult theory. This highlights how there are many stereotypical views within the soap operas. Context She is seen in Meehans content analysis study of the presentation of women in soap operas shows that in American drama serials there are only 10 female character types that are presented, they are; The Imp, a rebellious tomboy character. She is adventurous, not really sexual, often finds herself in trouble, she is the opposite of what society expects a women to be and the trouble she gets into is often a result of this. The Goodwife, she is domestic, attractive, home-centred and content. She does not wish to become involved with the world outside the home, leaving this to her lovely husband. The Harpy, is an aggressive single woman. She is powerful, even overpowering and not afraid to take on or chase after men. The Bitch, is a sneak and a cheat. She is manipulative, dangerous and deceitful. She lacks the power to be a real villain (invariably male) but she causes real trouble for the forces of good. The Victim, is the passive female who suffers accident, disease or violence, depending in the type of show or it could be to domestic violence. The Decoy, she is a heroine disguised as a victim. Apparently helpless and dependent, shes actually strong and resourceful. She is quite likely to be mistreated, hurt or captured, but she is capable of overcoming her difficulties. The Siren, is a woman who uses her sexuality to lure her victim to a sticky end. The Courtesan, is close to being a prostitute and perhaps has been one. The Witch, has extraordinary power despite this she is invariably dominated by a man and is persuaded often reluctantly to suppress her powers or use it for his aims. The Matriarch, prestige and authority. a positive light despite the fact that she is too old to be sexually attractive. Her status is almost of that of a hero. This study shows that women are portrayed as neater good or evil, never a combination. It also shows that good women are portrayed as submissive, sensitive and domesticated. Bad women are portrayed as rebellious, independent and selfish. Male evil characters are always counterbalanced by good ones, this is not so with female evil characters. The number of occupations which women are portrayed as holding is limited to a few, primarily housewife, receptionist and whore, male roles are also few in number compared to reality, but are more exciting, such as doctor, spies, detective and astronaut. While studies such as Meehans, could be criticised for being dated and referring to the series of the 1960s and 70s. The content recycling of such series on satellite and cable channels means that they are still relevant. Moreover, many of the point she makes are relevant even in more recent television. The number of women portrayed in the media depends very much on the medium concerned and the genre type. Soap operas have relatively high proportion of women, though they are still outnumbered by as much of 7 men to 3 women in some types of soap opera. In advertisements, there are three all male ads to every one all female ads. A study conducted by Beuf (1974) was based on 63 interviews with boys and girls between the ages of three and six. Some girls had abandoned their ambitions even by this early age. Several girls mentioned that their ambitions could not be realised because of their sex. The implication is that because of the small number of high-status female models in the media available for girls to model themselves on, the ambitions of real women are limited. The power of the media in this respect is thought to be very strong. This is not surprising as the Average American girl will have spent more time in front of the TV by the time she is 15 than she will have spent in the classroom. Beuf also argues that women suffer anxiety and stress due to this and because advertising and soap operas create concerns in women particularly about; their body image, the constant need to spend money on products to make them more attractive and desirable for males and also the competition with other women to fight and keep their man. Liberal feminists argue that individuals are trained by the mass media and other social institutions into patterns of behaviour which are performed unconsciously. Sex-roles in particular, have been built up over a long period of time and have become embedded in our culture. Radical feminists identify men as the enemy. They believe that men consciously and unconsciously manipulate social institutions for their own benefit and to the detriment of women. Men hold the dominant positions throughout the media and are able to use them to reflect the images of women which they desire. According to socialist feminists the role of the media is to sustain and perpetuate the capitalist system and the supporting role of women in it. Davies says that those who control the media are almost all rich men, there is every incentive for them to present the capitalist, patriarchal scheme of things as the most attractive system available and to convince the less privileged that the oppression and limitations of their lives are inevitable. According to Skirrow, for example video games are particularly unattractive to women, as they are part of a technology which is identified as male power, and they are about mastering a specifically male anxiety in a specific male way.