How Can We Understand The Iraq War - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 429 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/05/07 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Iraq War Essay War Essay Did you like this example? Iraq had a big part in war and PTSD. Iraq is a country in south-western Asia. It has a small border on the Persian Gulf. â€Å"War is a state of usually open and declared armed hostile conflict between a state or nations.† (From the Merriam Webster Dictionary). â€Å"PTSD is a psychological reaction occurring after experiencing a highly stressing event.† (From the Merriam Webster Dictionary). Deaths and casualties happens in every war. For U.S. soldiers, 31,958 were WIA and there were (including both KIA and non-hostile) 4,410 total deaths. Symptoms for PTSD are: Disturbing thoughts, feelings, or dreams related to the event(s). Some complications from PTSD can be suicide. Treatment can be counselling or medication. The Iraq war lasted 8.8 years. The war went from Mar. 20, 2003-Dec. 18, 2011. Iraq war was an armed conflict. A lot of countries were in the Iraq war. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How Can We Understand The Iraq War?" essay for you Create order â€Å"Why the Iraq war has produced more PTSD than the conflict in Afghanistan† (Badger np). Over the length of these two wars (Afghanistan and Iraq). Iraq service members have been exposed to more combat than Afghanistan. â€Å"PTSD affects about 11% of veterans of the war in Afghanistan, but 20% of veterans who served in Iraq.† (Badger np). Looking forward for veterans, they will likely need more money for mental health care. (Badger np). Problems caused by PTSD are a serious issue. Mental problems include: depression, other anxiety disorders, drug use problems. For physical health, a lot of things are associated. Like, arthritis, heart-related problems and disease, respiratory system-related problems and disease, digestive problems and disease, reproductive system-related problems, diabetes, pain. â€Å"PTSD puts tremendous physical and emotional strain on a person.† (Tull np). â€Å"People with PTSD may engage in more risky and health-compromising behaviors, such as alcohol and drug use.† (Tull np). PTSD puts strain on the human body. It is very important to get medical help if you have PTSD. To understand the Iraq war, you need eye witnesses. Casey Owens was a marine and a land mine took both legs on his second deployment. He says he loves his life. Even without legs, he still runs with prosthetics. He got the Purple Heart. At the age of 22, he was admitted to combat. He has a special needs dog, to cope with Caseys PTSD. Evan Morgan was a marine who lost both legs to an IED blast. He got the Purple Heart. Says hes happy. He got married and had two kids. Tony Riddle was a marine. His wife said he was different when he came back. He has PTSD. He got awards. They were all in 1st battalion, 7th Marines.

Obesity And Being Overweight Common Worldwide Issues...

Oluwakemi Agbi-Williams Professor Keneika Rowe HP 450-45 Hospitality Senior Seminar 04 July 2015 Introduction Obesity and being overweight are very common worldwide issues around the world, especially in the U.S. There are more than 3 million cases per year. By changing your lifestyle such as diet and exercise, losing weight can seem effortless. Desirable junk/fast food or even irresistible fast food commercials can tempt you to do the unthinkable. We are all victims of this advertising war. Quick-service restaurants (QSR) generate these advertisements in hope to attract more consumers or to increase their popularity rates around town. These commercials bombard our state of mind only to convince us to buy unhealthy food for worthless money. The increase in fast food commercials in the U.S. has led to an increase in both QSR revenues and the obesity rates. Regulating commercial frequencies will lead to a decline in the obesity rate. Our country has more than enough issues that frequently affect our population. Despite these alarming cautions, the food industries with their advertiser use eve ry available media outlet to promote and sell their products. Pushing food and drinks high in sugar is unethical and unjust. We learn to encourage children into healthy food habits, but we don’t always take these precautions to action. Non-Stop Push from the Food Industries There is no doubt that any industry, regardless the service, will want to make as much money as possible. TheShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Teenage Obesity Essay1177 Words   |  5 PagesTeenage obesity is rising significantly not only in the New Zealand but all throughout the world. It is growing epidemic and it’s a terrible thing. Watching a teenager wobble around all day out of breath and struggling to manage the stairs at school something no one should ever witness but with 18%⠁ ´ of teenagers obese it’s becoming a more common site everyday. Obesity is a risk factor for several diseases and it can lead to more serious problem in the end and can be fatal that can cause even deathRead MoreObesity And Its Impact On Health1382 Words   |  6 Pages Obesity is a state in which an overabundance muscle to fat quotients has aggregated to the degree that it may have a negative impact on health, prompting to reduce life expectancy and increase health problems (citation). Obesity is a significant general wellbeing emergency among children and grown-ups. Adolescence-related overweight is an expanding concern as for the wellbeing and prosperity of the child. Evaluation is generally done by measuring the patient and relating weight to height Body MassRead MoreObesity Is An Epidemic Of Growing Proportions1103 Words   |  5 PagesObesity in the United States is an epidemic of growing proportions. According to the Center for Disease Control more than one-third (34.9% or 78.6 million) of U.S. adults are obese. (Adult Obesity Facts, 2014). 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Technology, foods, and genes all factor into the childhood obesity epidemic. For example, â€Å"McDonald s even has toys in their food, increasing production and influencing students to eat it more† (Qtd. by Marcia). It is certainlyRead MoreThe Negative I mpacts Of Smoking1547 Words   |  7 PagesThe most common problems that are destroying the health of young generations and killing thousands and thousands adults every day is smoking cigarette. The issue of smoking has become one of the most significant and controversial debates in Australia, due its health problem and the effect of the environment atmosphere. Researches and medics worldwide were studying the main causes that makes people smoke and why? (Backes, 2016). According to Dr Jewell‘s article, reveals that there are lots of factorsRead MoreWorld Statistics, Causes, Effects, And Treatment Methods2700 Words   |  11 Pagespurpose of this paper is to elaborate on obesity in terms of world statistics, causes, effects, and treatment methods. II. World Statistics Worldwide obesity has more than doubled since 1980. In 2014, more than 1.9 billion adults, 18 years and older, were overweight. Of these over 600 million were obese. 39% of adults aged 18 years and over were overweight in 2014, and 13% were obese. Most of the world s population live in countries where overweight and obesity kills more people than underweight. 42

Tim O.Briens, the Things They Carried Critical Essay Free Essays

Dan Gaumer Gaumer 1 Prof Montgomery English 104 10/22/12 Hard Times of Norman Bowker Have you ever found yourself carrying something heavy for a long period of time? Do you remember feeling pain, or wanting to drop the object because it was too much to bear? Tim O’brien’s novel, The Things They Carried, is about men in the middle of the Vietnam War just trying to survive. These men, like all soldiers, carried many things ranging from the physical items of war to the emotional and mental weight that comes along with the horrors of war. They carried all they could bear, and then some, including a silent awe for the terrible power of the things they carried. We will write a custom essay sample on Tim O.Briens, the Things They Carried Critical Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now †(O’brien,7) I believe in this novel, O’brien gives many great and detailed examples of PTSD, even in his own life. This novel is more than just about the Vietnam War. It is about what a solider goes through on and off the battlefield. It’s about the art of a real war story. Most importantly it’s about what soldiers carried, physically, mentally, and emotionally; during, before, and after the war. The soldiers that made it back home suffered from many mental issues, mainly Post Traumatic Stress Disorder(PTSD). Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that’s triggered by a terrifying event. Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares and severe anxiety, as well as uncontrollable thoughts about the event. Many people who go through traumatic events have difficulty adjusting and coping for a while. But with time and taking care of yourself, Gaumer 2 such traumatic reactions usually get better. In some cases, though, the symptoms can get worse or last for months or even years. (Staff, Mayo Clinic,†Definition†) Thoughts of sorrow and loss overwhelm the Vietnam veterans upon their return back home. Crushed from the horror of war, they come back to even bigger disappointments and sadness. Instead of the mellow lives they lead before they left for war and the presence of warm and caring everyday life, most of them encounter empty beds, cold family ambiance and overall loss. Already physically and emotionally defeated, they can’t seem to pick up their lives where they left off. Even in instances of supportive partners, the inevitable horrors of the war haunt them in sleep or come back to them in daydreaming. They all came back with multiple disorders, PTSD with the common symptoms. â€Å"The war was over and there was no place in particular to go† (131). Various examples of this disorder are found in a few chapters such as â€Å"Speaking of Courage† and â€Å"The Man I Killed. † For Vietnam veterans, nothing could replenish the zest for life they had before the war. According to O’Brien’s text, upon their arrival home the veterans imagine, even hallucinate, what things would have been like if they had not suffered through the war. Examples of such occurrences exist in the stories â€Å"Speaking of Courage† and â€Å"The Man I Killed. † Norman Bowker in â€Å"Speaking of Courage† daydreams of talking to his ex-girlfriend, now married to another guy, and of his dead childhood friend, Max Arnold. He lives out over and over his unfulfilled dream of having his Sally beside him and of having manly conversations with Max. He cannot stop day dreaming and dwelling in the past. Gaumer 3 Unemployed and overwhelmed by inferiority and disappointment, Bowker lacks a motivating force for life. Emotionally stricken, he only finds satisfaction in driving slowly and repeatedly in circles around his old neighborhood in his father’s big Chevy, â€Å"feeling safe,† and remembering how things used to be when there wasn’t a war. These recurring events also spring memories of the beautiful lake where Norman used to spend a lot of time with his now married ex-girlfriend Sally Kramer and his high school friends. The lake invokes nostalgic and sentimental memories both of his girlfriend and his long gone – drowned – best friend, Max Arnold. However, now for Norman the past seems an idea, or like Max would say, that everything exists as a â€Å"possible†¦ idea, even necessary as an idea, a final cause in the whole structure of causation† (133). Thus, his ex girlfriend, his friends, the lake, the gatherings, his father and all the rest exist as ideas in Norman’s head now that all of his past exists only as flickering thoughts in a big jumbled chaos in his head. All of this has symptoms of PDST all over it. He only possesses the solitary capability of bragging about the medals he won or he should have won. Even that does not bring him comfort since he imagines talking to Sally: † ‘How’s it being married? ‘ he might ask, and he’d nod at whatever she answered with, and he would not say a word about how he’d almost won the Silver Star for valor† (134). Nothing fulfills Norman Bowker anymore. Instead, a terrible confusion has taken over his mind in the form of blur and chaos. He desperately needs someone to talk to: â€Å"If Sally had not been Gaumer 4 married, or if his father were not such a baseball fan, it would have been a good time to talk† (134). Unfortunately, he keeps questioning and answering himself in order to justify and compensate the loss and to make some sort of sense out of the entire situation. He loans to impress Sally with some dumb tricks of telling the exact time without even looking at a watch, just as much as he wishes for a father-son conversation. So that he can make his father proud, if nothing else, that his son won seven medals during the war. He does not have anybody to comfort him in moments of self-blame, for example when he cannot forgive himself for not winning the Silver Star because he â€Å"couldn’t take the goddamn awful smell† (136). He evokes the â€Å"shit experience† from his war days. He goes on to comfort himself, by pretending what considerate thoughts his father might have: â€Å"If you don’t want to say anymore -,† to which immediately Norman answers himself: â€Å"I do want to†(136). He tries to maintain calm and balance-minded while thinking of being camped in the shit field. He cannot stop thinking of the cruel war incidents that he witnessed, and therefore, he cannot forget the death of his friend Kiowa, who died in an explosion in the shit field: â€Å"There was a knee. There was an arm†¦ There were bubbles where Kiowa’s head should’ve been†¦ He was folded in with the war; he was part of the waste† (142,143, 147). Not only can Norman not stop thinking about the cruelties, but he also cannot forgive himself for letting go of Kiowa because he blames himself for not being able to save his Gaumer 5 friend’s life, of which as a consequence Norman did not win the Silver Star. It seems like Norman carries the shit experience with him for life. Other characteristics of PTSD in this story are Norman’s inhibited social skills. Instead of placing a fast-food order through the drive-through intercom he honks at the waitress and once he gets his order, he does not move away until after he eats his hamburger and then presses the intercom again to inform the waiters that he finished his hamburger. From this novel I’ve come to figure out the realism of the true things soldiers carry during and after the war. There is the weight of the physical items, than there are the weight of the mental issues that come along with fighting in war. Issues like PTSD, which the story of Norman Bowker gives various good examples of. And the proving the very real pain that goes along with it by him eventually committing suicide. In my opinion, in this novel, O’brien gives many examples of PTSD, even in his own life. The results of the trauma suffered in the war together with the emotional baggage: grief, terror, love, and longing, proves how PTSD can affect a soldier. How to cite Tim O.Briens, the Things They Carried Critical Essay, Essay examples

Marshall Islands

Question: Writing an essay on Marshall Islands? Answer: Introduction I am writing an essay on Marshall Islands. It is a small island country and is located close to the equator in Pacific Ocean. The largest city and the capital of this country is Majuro. The official language of the natives is Marshallese, English is fairly a common language that is spoken in this Island. Location Marshall Islands is a part of a larger group of Islands known as Micronesia. It is located 4000 km in the northeast direction of Australia. There are two groups of islands running from northwest to southeast. A rough estimation of about 30 atolls and 1152 islands are present in the Marshall Islands but only 19 atolls and 4 islands are inhabited. It is located in the tropics and thus the weather of the country is mostly humid and hot. Temperature of the country in average is around 81 degree Fahrenheit or 27 degree Celsius. The country receives rain from the month of May till November. The annual rainfall received every year is about 157 inches or 4000 millimeters. Population The population of the country was estimated to be 6800 in the year 2009 and the density of the population is about 375 persons present per kilometer square (2015). The population is growing in a rather rapid speed. The birth rate of this country was 45 to 1000 births in the total population and 6 to 1000 deaths. This rate of birth and death rate suggest that most of the population of this country is about the average age of 0 to 14 years. Population in the urban area is about 70% of the total population of the country. Major number of the population of this country belongs to Micronesian group. Most of the inhabitants practice Christianity. The literacy rate in the year 1980 showed that the rate was about 93%. Economy There is a very little scope of exports due to the fact that the Islands have not many natural resources. This is the reason why they import things more than export. They have 2 brackets for income tax with the rates of 12 percent and 8 percent and 3 percent corporate tax. US government assists the island and this is the reason why the islands economy has not broken down. They have a base in the country for which they give rent to the locals (Rmiembassyus.org, 2015). Agriculture in Marshall Islands in confined to very small farms. The commercial crops that that grow include tomatoes, melons, coconuts and breadfruit. There are few small scale industries present which is confined to fish processing, handicrafts and copra. The economy of the country is also stable due to its tourism. In the year of 1997 about 1000 tourist arrived in this islands. There are some private hotels present and there are many guest houses provided by the government in the country. In the year 1977 was estimated that about 3 million dollars were made because of tourism. The tourism rate was falling down in the past due to the fact that the country did not have a lot of facilities (Unesco.org, 2015). History Marshall Islands were first occupied by the Micronesians in the 2nd millennium BC, very little is known about its history. It was first explored by a Spanish voyager Alonso de Salazar in 1526. European travelers, Captain John along with Thomas Gilbert entered the islands in the year 1788. It was named Marshall Islands after the European traveler captain John Marshall. Spain had a claim over Marshall Islands from the year of 1874 but she did not try to maintain its foothold there and as a result Germany gained their position in Marshall Islands. Britain had no objection on the colonization of Marshall Islands by the Germans.Even before the Germans came and colonized the place, Japanese fisherman and traders visited the Marshall Islands time to time. During the World War I, Japan captured many colonies including many in Micronesia. During the time when Japan colonized the Marshall Islands, they moved or shifted 1000 or more Japanese to these Islands. Japan even inflated the administration and also appointed leaders who were natives this weakened their tradition of ruling. One third of the land that was above the water level was taken by the Japanese government. During the Second World War, US occupied and invaded the Islands in the year 1944. During the time of its invasion by the US the people in the Islands suffered due to the lack of food items and injuries. This Island was then used for nuclear tests. Marshall Islands gained its freedom in the year 1979 and the country gained full and complete control in governing the country. The procedure of Independence was officially complete in the year 1990. Intresting Fact The islands comprise 2 small groups of islands and a total of 29 atolls. It is one of the smallest country in the world. The two groups of island are: Ratak Chain which means sunrise and Ralik which mean sunset. Its history goes back to second millennium BC; the occupants were mainly sea travelers. It motto is jepilpilin ke ejukaan meaning accomplishment through joint effort. A flower named Flame of the Forest is found in the atolls which s considered as a blessing by the natives of the country. The most important food in its economy is Copra which is dried coconut meat. There is only one land mammal preset in the country which is Polynesian rat. Us government performed nuclear test in the atolls of this country (Topics.nytimes.com, 2015). The nuclear test was performed in the year 1954 on March 1. It was the first hydrogen bomb that was tested and the name of the Atoll where it was tested is Bikini. Conclusion Marshal islands are one of the smallest countries. It was colonized and explored by several nations. Its economy is still standing due to the assistance received from US. The Second World War had some devastating effects on the country. There were nuclear test performed in this country by the US government. Reference (2015). Retrieved 29 May 2015, from https://(Topics.nytimes.com, 2015) org,. (2015).RMI Homepage. Retrieved 29 May 2015, from https://www.rmiembassyus.org/ nytimes.com,. (2015).Marshall Islands. Retrieved 29 May 2015, from https://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/marshallislands/index.html org,. (2015).Marshall Islands | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 29 May 2015, from https://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/worldwide/asia-and-the-pacific/marshall-islands/

Abraham Isaac Essay Example

Abraham Isaac Essay Example Abraham Isaac Essay Abraham Isaac Essay In this classical piece of art. there is a connexion with the scriptural narrative of Abraham staying to God’s bid. Abraham is commanded to give his one and merely boy. Take your boy. your lone boy Isaac. whom you love. and travel to the land of Moriah. and offer him at that place as a burnt-offering on one of the mountains that I shall demo you. ( Genesis 22:1-2 ) And so the image depicts the last minutes of Abraham and his boy. where Abraham is about to do the greatest forfeit ; hence. God sends down an Angel to halt him and bless him afterwards for demoing great religion. Because you have done this. and have non withheld your boy. your lone boy. I will so bless you. and I will do your offspring every bit legion as the stars of Eden and as the sand that is on the seashore†¦ said the Lord ( Genesis 22:15 ) By analysing the picture. we can separate the characters and find the scene. harmonising with the narrative of Abraham giving Isaac. First. there are three of import characters in the picture that are drawn in great item. The first character we can place is Abraham who is in the centre of the image. where all the action is go oning. We can state that Abraham is the 1 who is keeping the knife in his dominant manus ready to do forfeit. with Isaac on the tabular array. The chief character Abraham. is have oning bright colourss of ruddy and violet. known to be royal colourss and revered. Abraham is besides clothed to the full from top to bottom demoing small tegument. The Angel in the background is have oning a bright white garment clothed from top to bottom. We can state that the Angel is reding Abraham because Abraham’s attending is towards this Angel. We know this is an angel who came down from heaven because of the white wings on its dorsum and how it is levitating from the land. And know that Isaac is on the tabular array because of how immature he looks and small he is clothed. I besides identified how guiltless they are by detecting the tegument tone in each character. Abraham is the darkest because of his life experience and approach of old age. the Angel has a mild tone after Abraham. and so there is Isaac who is palest of them all. I besides interpreted their degree of adulthood by the colour of their hair. Abraham being the oldest holding white hair. the Angel holding mild brown hair. and Isaac being the youngest with healthy dark. black hair. Looking at the place of the characters we can besides picture the hierarchy degrees in each character. Angel remains on the highest land. so Abraham. and so Isaac. I find it peculiarly interesting to happen the lamb being on higher evidences than Isaac. this could be to demo the importance of this animate being that is chosen to be sacrificed for God. Before Abraham is to do his forfeit. he kneels before the wooden communion table remaining close to his boy. We can pick up senses that the male parent has a loving relationship for his boy. There are besides emotions in these characters. Abraham exhibits unhappiness and concern in his facial look. Isaac has a helpless. sad look. where he knows his terminal will come by his ain father’s custodies. What I find diverting the most is that in this picture. Isaac may hold knew he was traveling to be the sacrificial lamb. I believe Isaac knew from the point when he asked his male parent where the lamb for burnt-offering was. I conclude that he knew of this because the manner he is tied up. Isaac is non tied up by the pess. nor is his custodies tied to the tabular array. If Isaac truly wanted to run off he could’ve easy done so. Alternatively Isaac accepted the fact that he was traveling to be sacrificed and so he did non fight. Next. the scenery helps us place the scene of the scriptural history on Abraham giving Isaac. The image background clearly identifies that the giving takes topographic point in a mountain. In the background there is big land below their lift observing how high this is taking topographic point. With the inside informations in the image we can state that the scene took topographic point in a dark fly-by-night country. This image besides exhibits the clip of season. around the clip of autumn because there are losing foliages on the subdivisions. On the right underside corner there is moss turning on stones. and moss merely grows in moist and fly-by-night countries. With the inside informations of the moss and dark colourss we can acquire a sense of dark ambiance of something is non right in the image. The location of the Sun and the angle of the shadow on the land below do non match with each other. The country where it’s brightest above the Angel’s finger can really stand for God or the Heavens above. The Sun should be more towards our left in forepart of the characters where the light radiances on the tree and the characters. Besides the subdivisions and the angle of this picture show that it is indicating to the West. I can merely reason that the ground to indicating to the West has to make something with the Sun lifting in the West and puting in the East. Even the Angel and the lamb are looking to the West while Abraham and Isaac is the lone 1 in the image looking to the East. In decision. I can theorize from the inside informations in the picture that it interprets the scriptural text of the Lord proving Abraham to give his ain boy. This painting exhibits a subject of fright. Abraham fears the Lord and so he chooses to prosecute God’s bid by free will. Isaac shows fear in his facial look but does non fight for his life.

What To Do When Your Writers Turn In Bad Posts

What To Do When Your Writers Turn In Bad Posts A few years ago, I had a side job moonlighting as an editor for a fairly successful app review and Apple rumors website. I was one of several editors, and I had about 10 freelance authors assigned to me. The skill levels of the various writers ranged widely, but one particular author stood out. Well call him Mike. The good thing I can say about Mike is that he was consistent. Unfortunately, the thing he was most consistent at was being a terrible writer. As if that wasnt enough, he was a prolific writer. Sometimes, Id step away from the computer to return an hour later to 3 or 4 more terrible posts marked as ready for review. The best way I can describe Mikes writing is with a word picture. Imagine the awful, awkward wailing sound that would assault your earholes if you were to steamroll a pile of bagpipes. It was like that, but for the eyes. Rules of basic grammar, spelling, logic, punctuation, and even common sense were all left bleeding on the floor with mortal wounds with every post he turned in. I probably would have felt sorry for Mike if I hadnt felt like he was torturing me. How to Handle the Mikes On your team, you may have your own Mike, but if the truth be told, sometimes we all have our Mike moments. If youre an editor, you are already well aware of this. So what should you do when someone on your team submits a real stinker? Here are a few tips. Be Gracious Some authors take their work more seriously than others and may require different handling, but you should always strive to be a gracious editor, slow to dole out a harsh word and quick to patience. If the post is terrible, it is important to ask yourself if this is a pattern with this author. If the answer is no, dont worry about it too much and just follow the advice below. But if it is a pattern, it may be time to reassess the value that author brings to your team. Is he creating more work for your editors? At one point, 85% of my time each night was spent on Mike. A bad author is like a plane flying with the landing gear down. Its just extra drag. Look for Silver Linings Believe me. I know that when a post is bad, its hard to focus on much else. But youre well-served to try to note the things the author did well before you launch into the negative. Note that this is not the same as patronizing or being insincere. In fact, if you genuinely cant find anything positive about the bad post, its better to move on than to make something up. What did the author do well? Was it an interesting idea that was just poorly put together? Was the intro or ending good, but just weak in the middle? Try to find the silver linings and you may be surprised to find how much more receptive the author is to hear your feedback. Be Honest I once heard an analogy about giving criticism. Its like throwing a brick because criticism is kind of heavy and no one really likes receiving it. Some people go out of their way to throw bricks because they just like to smash peoples feelings. On the other hand, some people hate giving criticism and their critique is just too mushy to be useful, which is more like throwing velvet. The happy medium is to throw the velvet brick. You want the criticism to be truthful, but easier to receive. So just as you should look for the silver linings (the velvet), you must also be honest. After all, as the editor, you are ultimately responsible for the content on your site. If something isnt working, and especially if it is part of a pattern, you owe it to your readers and even your brand to level with your author to let them know. You want your editorial criticism to be truthful, but easy to receive.Educate I have friends who constantly misuse then and than. For example, Red is better then green. Youve probably also noticed abuse of the word your and youre, as in Your going to regret that. The internet is full of these grammar abuses, and there is no shortage of grammar police who feel like these abusers evidently enjoy the word-equivalent of nails on a chalkboard. But most of the time, these are just honest mistakes. People forget grammar rules they learned in the 5th grade and just need a refresher. Be willing to carefully and constructively educate your authors who make these mistakes, especially the common ones. If they are good team members, they will want to help make your job easier. Educate them to self-edit, and they will do just that. Reevaluate Your Team Even though my mom didnt like when B.A. Baracus used the word fool, I used to love watching the 80s TV show, The A-Team when I was a kid. I liked the theme music, but I also kind of liked the idea that everyone on the team was a specialist at something. Hannibal was the brains and leader, Face was good with disguise, Murdock, though loopy, was a great pilot, and B.A. was the brute force because sometimes things just needed to be smashed. I attended a conference a couple of years ago where Dave Ramsey spoke on the importance of hiring a good team. He emphasized the importance of evaluating people thoroughly, even for the seemingly unimportant roles. His point was that everyone has a job to do, and you want to make sure you have the people on your team who have the skills to help get you there and not be a drag. We kept Mike for far too long. He wrote awful posts, and he came with a lot of drama that sucked down a lot of our time. It wasnt my call then, but we should have just let him go at the first signs of his resistance to be taught and improve himself. If you have an author that has a pattern of less-than-excellence, and honest criticism and education have not helped, its time to reevaluate. You probably have a C-member on your A-Team.

Introduction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Introduction - Essay Example In this thesis, I use Saudization as a metaphor to highlight the impact of the Saudi culture and way of life on one immigrant community, namely the Iraqi migrants in Saudi Arabia. Further explanation for this definition will be provided in the following sections of this introduction. Moving from one social environment to another has an impact of changing the living pattern of emigrants in various aspects of their lives. This thesis will investigate and discuss the actuality of the Saudization of those families. The research will focus on the group of conservative Iraqi families who emigrated in late 1960s from Iraq to Saudi Arabia for socio-economical and political reasons. Whereas the notion of conservativeness has different meaning in both countries a comparison of the two concepts will be provided in the coming chapters. What these conservative Iraqi families faced while they were settling and how they managed to make their place in the society is what the research will be focusing on, concentrating on the social changes experienced as a result of moving into a more conservative Islamic state and highlighting the ability of these families to cope with the differing cultures whilst still trying to maintain their socio-cultural identity to enhance the feeling o f belonging within their children of the second generation. These families were considered to be a minority amongst the other foreigners living in Saudi Arabia. The reasons for immigration also vary from one family to another significantly and each has their own stories to tell. Underneath the coherent appearance of these small community members, the disruptive effect of cross-cultural consequences plays out behind the facade. However, this can be identified only by one of its members or a highly involved individual who has a direct link which allows them to reach within the circle of innermost thoughts and experiences and break the barriers of pride. In order to provide a

Reading reflection 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reading reflection 4 - Essay Example Apparently, the author’s story with all the painful sentiments in it reminds me of young distant relatives and significant acquaintances in broken families who have gone in and out of jail as though there exists no cure for their ill behavior. When Rios expressed â€Å"I wanted to understand why and how these officers would ignore certain major crimes and at the same time arrest so many residents for such minor infractions†, I realize that the problem with youth may never obtain remedy unless the society and the government change the way their treat it. My personal observations of reality agree to the narrative of the author and his findings of the problematic approach to ‘criminalization’. Rios himself is a living proof that each young individual deserves the chance to hope or acquire a positive view of life and be transformed accordingly as long as proper care is granted instead of shame, exclusion, punishment, and incarceration. Punitive efforts, I suppose, may only work to some extent but the root trouble requires abolition of ‘youth control complex’ and sincere affection for the youth at rough times. Analyzing what the reading chapter communicates regarding ‘Images of Women’, I do find it quite reasonable to establish agreement on points which support the principle that the prevailing notion on the inferiority of woman, which dates back to ancient myths, ought to be eradicated totally for the sake of relieving discourse on gender inequality, especially in reference to stereotypes. However, by state of nature, the general roles that are inevitably played due to woman’s sexuality define the character of a woman as necessarily different from that of man and this is something which occurs beyond the weak judgment of society. Indeed we have the right to defend a feminine cause particularly when it comes to issues emerging out of violence or crime against women, nevertheless, we must become

Ethical Dilemma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Ethical Dilemma - Essay Example er will analyse such a dilemma in a particular case of Juana, a pregnant lady who refused blood transfusion due to religious beliefs and eventually died. In the light of case, if code of ethics provided by American Nurses Association is analysed, one can clearly see that autonomy and choice of treatment of a patient is given preference (ANA, 2001). Like if a patient refuses blood transfusion even in a critical scenario, the choice of patient would be respected. However in few states like in Illinois, the Supreme Court has intervened to take legal measures to give priority to save a human life (Illinois Supreme Court, 1996). The principles applied to the case are of compassion, justice, autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence and respect. All the principles commonly state to act upon the patient’s free will to accept treatment which is not in conflict to her/ his beliefs keeping in view that patient is not intentional harmed. Principle of veracity also applies which states that healthcare providers should be truthful to the patients and must allow the patients to make an informed decision (Gardiner, 2003). Analysing the case with a personal perspective, it is though obvious that the nurses followed ethical principles and did not compromise the beliefs of the patient; however the life of patient and fetus had been compromised. The nursing staff had followed the code of ethics given by American Nursing Association which is in conformance with other ethical principles. If the patient had been treated with the blood transfusion, her life could be saved but her regret to live out of her religious morality would ever make her repent. People have emotional associations with their beliefs and values that must be respected. But one can disagree with the decision the patient and her family (husband) as beliefs are only perceptions and they are not more valuable than the human life. It could be possible to take immediate help of a bishop provide guidance in case of severe

Doctrinal and philosophical dimension of Buddhism

Doctrinal and philosophical dimension of Buddhism Buddhism has over three million followers world-wide, is the state religion in Burma, Thailand, Cambodia and Laos, and maintains a tremendous influence in other countries such as Ceylon, Tibet, China, and Japan. The Oxford Dictionary defines religion as a belief in the existence of a superhuman controlling power, especially of God or gods or, as a particular system of faith and worship. (Hawkins, 2002). The dictionarys short descriptive passage does not take into account the spiritual well being, security, and comfort, a religion gives to its followers, and therefore may be seen to be inadequate and superficial. The doctrinal and philosophical dimension of Buddhism emerged at a time of political and economic instability. The Buddha was born in the 6th century Before The Christian Era (Robinson, 2009). Large, powerful tribes began to invade the Ganges Basin, and society became more complex as the populous moved towards the newly instituted metropolitan centres. During this time a strict and rigid caste system was in place, which did not allow for movement within its structure. The Buddha, as a member of the warrior elite, would have had considerable wealth and standing within the tribe, but he became disenchanted with this way of life, and ultimately rejected it to become a wanderer (Robinson, 2009). The wanderers believed that anybody, regardless of caste, could be wise and good. These qualities could be achieved by rejecting or renouncing life at home, which was dirty and cramped and instead, going out into the wider world which was . completelyperfect and pure (Robinson, 2009). Such renounces believed in the re-incarnation of the spirit, but what or whom you returned as in the next life, depended on how you had conducted yourself in the previous one. By leading a life of purity and devotion one could escape the agony of re-birth and thereby obtain Nirvana or liberation (Robinson, 2009). Such a pure and devoted lifestyle could be achieved by accepting the Four Noble Truths. The first truth was that of suffering; birth, ageing, death, sorrow and defilement (Buddahnet.net, 2010). The second truth was that the causes of suffering were human traits such as greed, and sexual desire. The third Noble Truth stated that suffering can be eliminated if the way of the fourth truth, or Nobe l Eight Fold Path, was followed. This would result in salvation by releasing the follower from perpetual re-birth. This last truth was a guideline to redemption which could only be obtained by correct behaviour, such as correct attitude and correct speech. The method of obtaining Nirvana in conjunction with correct behaviour is by meditation; by having the correct mental attitude one can only think good thoughts and therefore the intentions or deeds are pure also. This is known as Karma or mental work (Hawkins, 2002). Once Nirvana has been achieved, the follower becomes designated as a Buddha or enlightened one and these saints reside on a higher plane. Since the time of Buddha two main proponents of Buddhism have developed, namely Therevada, predominant in South Asia and Mahayana, followed in North Asia. The former believes that the only way to obtain Nirvana is by being a monk or a nun, and may therefore be considered as an elitist form of Buddhism, while the latter shows more liberal qualities and is sympathetic to others (Robinson, 2009). The narratives of Buddhism, the Pali Scriptures and Jakata tales, are important in the historical sense as they give an insight into the words and meanings of the Buddha, and may be construed as being inspirational to his followers (Buddahnet.net, 2010). The oral nature of these stories could possibly lead to them being misinterpreted and lost in translation and therefore their actual meaning may become muted and distorted. Although some of these tales may be deemed to be of a mythical nature, such as the Buddha being conceived by his mothers union with a white elephant they, as in parables from other religions, cannot be taken as literal, historical facts, but could quite possibly contain a hidden meaning (Buddahnet.net, 2010). Therefore because Buddhism uses such stories to accentuate its teachings, it is similar to other faiths and does not detract from its perceived status as a religion. The practical and ritualistic dimension, especially in Mahayana Buddhism, is extremely important. This dimension contains the preaching, prayers and worship element of a religion. By travelling the Ganges Basin in its entirety the Buddha and his followers went to great lengths to make Buddhism accessible to all and encouraged others into believing that salvation was at hand if the proper codes of conduct were adhered to. Buddhists offer prayers to the Buddha as much in the same way that Christians offer prayers to Jesus Christ, they are both a vehicle unto God or Nirvana., which has been thought by some writers to be a Buddhists substitute for God (Buddahnet.net, 2010). The Christian word worship, the worship of a God, constitutes the major problem in the definition of Buddhism as a religion. The Buddha stated that he was neither a messenger from God nor his emissary and denounced the notion that there was a God (Buddahnet.net, 2010). This has led to Buddhists being considered as Ath eists, but Buddhism is a cosmopolitan religion which embraces other beliefs and cultures and ultimately their gods. Therevada Buddhists acknowledge other gods but they maintain that it is the Buddha who is supreme and it is these other, lesser gods who defer to him (Bullitt, 2005). The Buddha is revered by his devotees and may be seen as the object of worship, as prayers are chanted praising him and asking for salvation, and gifts placed at his shrines and temples (Bullitt, 2005). At the New Year festival, the water festival, Buddhas name is used to ward away evil spirits The ethical dimension of a religion is its moral code. The laws and rules that a particular religion abides by are usually, in a mono-religious state those that govern society, as in Islam and Christianity. A religion must be able to teach a moral code and give guidance to a society as to what would be morally abhorrent and that which is deemed as acceptable behaviour. As much in the same way that Christianity has the Ten Commandments, The Buddhists rules or virtues are called Dhammapada, the way of virtue (Jung, 2010). These rules give guidance and a set of guidelines on the proper behaviour of a Buddhist, such as compassion and denounce improper thoughts and actions such as greed, vice, hatred and envy (Jung, 2010). The experiential and emotional dimension is the feeling of perhaps exultation or sense of peace that the follower of a particular religion can get from for example, reciting a prayer, liturgy, or chant (Buddahnet.net, 2010). These feelings can also be shown in many other ways such as a Buddhist attaining enlightenment, or by using meditation as a way of clearing the mind from the mundane aspects of life. A Christian may achieve an emotional experience by seeing a sign from God, chanting a prayer of contemplation, or just from a general sense of well being and contentment. The social and institutional dimension is the self containment of the organisation for its own protection. The Buddhists, like many new groups were persecuted for their beliefs and radical outlook from their foundation (Buddahnet.net, 2010). Buddhism has its own structure, although not hierarchical as in other religions, the monks are seen as the closest to obtaining the goal of Nirvana. It was, and still is the foundation within the lives of its followers, especially those living in remote areas where the rules passed to them from the Buddha and his followers, is followed without deviation. A religion can be interpreted by its followers in many different ways. It can be seen as providing, a comforting belief in the hereafter, and spiritual well-being, while also supplying a code of behaviour and a sense of belonging. Buddhism certainly follows these pre-requisites and although some commentators view Buddhism as atheistic, its followers worship the Buddha as a god, and Buddhism shows numerous similarities to many other widely accepted religions. Regardless of criticism Buddhism is considered a religion by its millions of followers, which today include the peoples of both Eastern and Western civilisations.

Understanding Indigenism: Building A Different Future for Us All :: Essays Papers

Understanding Indigenism: Building A Different Future for Us All â€Å"Defining one’s ‘culture’ is a life long process,† according to Indian rights activist Norman DesCampe of the Grand Portage Chippewa Tribe. â€Å"You have to live it.† Today, the life long process of understanding indigenous cultures is limited by terms of â€Å"cultural survival.† The ability of future generations to define themselves as Inuit or Kayapo is threatened as their natural environments and social integrity is hurt by government negligence: indigenous cultures must be protected under a political structure that allows the people to live as they choose to live, outside of the transformative power of established nation-states, and the assumptions of these powers. Thus, international organizations must actively ensure the rights of impoverished indigenous â€Å"states within states†: The right to â€Å"exchange equitably† (Rose 234) as autonomous states with nation states is the basis for the new politically explosive global phenomenon (Neisen 1) of indigenous sovereignty and cultural autonomy. However, in Western government, â€Å"native peoples are in the way because they are thought to undermine the state- whichever state they find themselves in- because of their struggle to maintain their own ways of life† (Wolfe, â€Å"Tribes†). Because they present economic challenges to land use and resource exploitation, indigenous peoples share sufferings under political oppression, deracination and racism and are, as in the case of Australian Aborigines, the â€Å"poorest of the poor.† Destroyed by a â€Å"rhetoric of hate,† genocide and mass murder are the tools of nation states to control the unwanted obstacles in economic development (Niezen 55). Colonialism transformed the indigenous life of the Yanomami, the Maasai, the Hawai’ians, the Aborigines and hundreds of other indigenous peoples. Industrialization moved humanity beyond the â€Å"world in which people mattered to a world in which they are expendable† (Wolfe). Today, still entrenched in the imperialistic ideology of colonialism by modern forms of globalization, nation states noisily quarrel over the rights to exploit both land and people for economic power without regard to indigenous existence. Non-Hawaiian haoles crudely render false historical interpretations of their â€Å"settler society† as a blessed yoke of â€Å"civilization† to the pitiful â€Å"feudal† Hawaiians (Trask). Some indigenous people attempt to assimilate, as â€Å"for years [one Aboriginal man] had ‘sweetened’ himself up just like tea, trying to make himself and others understood [to invading Western cultures]’† but â€Å"‘nothin g been come back. Just nothing’† (Rose 195). Without political muscle, indigenous people are forced to promote ecologically harmful projects, such as hydroelectric dam proposals, to survive within the paradigm of the Western world.

Effects of Romantic Relationships on Academic Performance and Family Relationship

Most teenagers have already experienced heving relationships. At this stage, they are easily attracted with their opposite sex. Let's first consider the emotion of love. Love makes people romance enjoy longer. It is believe that love is a very powerful emotion which makes it capable of bringing out the best and the worst in people. Emotion makes the person aberrantly happy or on the other hand lonely. But what makes this kind of emotion occur? Does this emotion makes the world go round? aving a full confident of every individual? makes them stronger? or Does it effect upon your surroundings like your academic activities and also the relationship of your own family? What is really love means? Based some Psychologists, they are hardly searching for a clear definition of what love really is. For them, it is described as a cognitive and social phenomenon, one that is closely linked with conscious affection or close. There are different definitions of love depending on what the person exp erienced. But one thing is for sure: falling in love can be the one of the most unexplainable feelings that a person can feel. Negative effects.. Studies * being in love with somebody has an effect in teenagers’ studies. It does occupy their minds. Students can't focus on the lecture because they keep on thinking about their boyfriend or girlfriend especially when they have a lover's quarrel. * Students being involved in a relationship spend most of their time texting and writing their partner's name during class time * It is hard for them to concentrate. Positive effects .. studies .. * Being inlove can have a positive effect in studies. It can serve as an inspiration to get a high grades because they are trying to make a good impression. * It can motivate student to do assignments and projects. * It can make a teenager to feel more bouncy, lively and more energetic. Parents †¦ * Parents have views in teenagers falling in love. They don’t want them to get involve to relationships. They are still immature and not capable of facing consequences that may happen. They are not aware to the possible difficulties which could lie ahead. * Parents need to be their for their teens at any time. At this stage, teenagers are being to curious about things and may become more distant to their family. They should have an epitome of understanding. They should maintain close relationship so that their teens will not be afraid of talking about some things that may have a great impact on them.

Rights of the Accused

Rights of the Accused The phrase due process implies that laws should be practiced justly and equally to each person, particularly a citizen who becomes accused of a crime. The whole due process originated from founders of the United States, following their colonial experience (Kime, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Rights of the Accused specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The founders realized that it was both impossible for democracies to work and individuals be secured unless those accused of crimes obtained the due process of law, through establishing the rights of the accused. They wanted to establish ways of guarding persons against aggressive actions of the state. Therefore, many rights of the accused became established in the in the Bill of Rights as 4th, 5th, 6th and 8th amendments, in order to make it hard for the state to deny people their freedom. Other rights can be found on Article 1, although, the 4th, 5th, 6th and 8th amendments provide for the most rights. These rights of the accused suppose that each person is innocent unless proven guilty (Patrick, 2001). Besides, in 1960, the Supreme Court added to the rights of the accused through establishing that the government should offer an attorney for the accused, whereby the individual can not afford such services. Since then, the rights of the accused have incessantly received enhancements, in courtrooms. Explain how Due Process Protects the Accused against Abuses by the Federal Government The due process protects the accused against abuses by the federal government through several processing steps. First, the 4th amendment deprives of the federal government the right to make broad searches and seizures of possessions. The amendment restricts the police to search the arrested person and places that the arrested can have direct control. This amendment, also, prohibits imprisonment devoid of any logical grounds. Second, the 5th amendment depri ves of the federal government the right to force words to the accused, as they have a right to remain silent (Coldrey, 1991). According to the Supreme Court, unconscious or involuntary confessions can not be applied in federal courts although some state courts fail to abide by this provision.Advertising Looking for research paper on administrative law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Also, the 5th amendment stipulates that an individual should not be accused of a severe crime devoid of investigations by the grand jury. Besides, the amendment prohibits double jeopardy, which means taking a person to trial for a second time due to an earlier crime. The exclusionary rule can be allied to the 4th and 5th amendments, as it supports the notion that evidence that gets collected illegally cannot be applied during a trial. One key notion of this rule is that evidence by the police is acceptable as long as the police can prove they obtained such evidence legally. Third, the 6th amendment orders the federal government to provide assistance of counsel for the defense of accused persons who can not afford such services (Patrick, 2001). Also, the amendment creates room for the accused to be informed of charges. Lastly, the 8th amendment forbids bizarre and brutal punishments, as in the English law. However, the most contentious matter that falls under the 8th Amendment is capital punishment, or the act of giving death sentences to persons who turn out to be guilty of serious crimes. The Supreme Court stipulates that individual states have the authority to practice their own policies on capital punishment. However, the court cautions these states to observe farness and consistency when conducting death penalty. References Coldrey, J. (1991). The right to silence: Should it be curtailed or abolished? Anglo-American Law Review, 20, 51-52. Kime, S. (2011). How the conflation of compulsory process and due process guarantees diminishes criminal defendants rights. American Criminal Law Review, 48, 112-160.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Rights of the Accused specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Patrick, J. (2001). The supreme court of the United States: A student companion. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press.

An Investigation to Show the Effects of changing temperature in Yeast Respiration Essays

An Investigation to Show the Effects of changing temperature in Yeast Respiration Essays An Investigation to Show the Effects of changing temperature in Yeast Respiration Essay An Investigation to Show the Effects of changing temperature in Yeast Respiration Essay Yeast is one of the various single celled fungi that form masses of miniature circular or oval cells by budding. When placed in sugar solution the cells multiply and convert the sugar solution into alcohol and carbon dioxide. Yeasts are used as fermenting agents in baking, brewing and the making of wine and spirits. Brewers yeast is a rich source of vitamin B.Respiration in yeast is the production of the energy in the mitochondria of the cells. There are 2 types of respiration, Anaerobic and aerobic. At first aerobic respiration will be present but only until the oxygen that is already dissolved in the water. When the oxygen is used up anaerobic respiration will be present which produces the alcohol. The word equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast is:Glucose Alcohol + Carbon Dioxide + EnergyAnaerobic respiration is different in humans than it is in yeast because we break down glucose into lactic acid whereas yeast breaks it down into alcohol.Input Variabl esThere are several different variables in this experiment such as:The temperature of the waterAmount of WaterAmount of YeastAmount of sugarThe time it is left forIn this experiment I will be changing the temperature of the water.PredictionI predict that the hotter the water is the more carbon dioxide bubbles will be produced because the hot water will produce more kinetic energy so it increases the chance of collision. If we heat the sugar solution too much then the enzyme will change shape and it will become impossible for it to join with the sugar to form a complex. This is called denaturing the enzyme, I predict that this will happen at 70 80 C.PlanFirst I will set up the apparatus as show above. I will add 1.5 grams of sugar to 25ml of water and dissolve it. When we have the water at the correct temperature I will add the same amount of yeast to the sugar solution. When the water is at the correct temperature I will let it stand for 5 minutes. The first test I am going to do w ill be at normal tap temperature (20 C). I am going to increase the temperature by 15 C each time until I get to 80 C. I will measure the amount of respiration by counting the carbon dioxide bubbles entering the second test tube.Fair TestTo keep this investigation fair I am going to:* Keep the amount of sugar and yeast the same throughout the investigation* Keep the amount of water the same throughout the investigation* Let the solution stand for the same amount of time each time, five minutes* Add the yeast only when the sugar solution is at the correct temperatureSafetyThis investigation isnt very dangerous; I will only have to be careful when handling the hot water.AnalysisFrom my results you can see that the yeast reacts better between 35-50 C. This is because at 20 C the water was too cold to give the enzyme any energy. At 65 C there was not much reaction, I recorded an average of 2.5 bubbles of carbon dioxide. This was because the water was too hot and when the water is too ho t the enzyme deforms and changes shape as shown in my prediction diagram. It gave off a few carbon dioxide bubbles at the beginning before it changed shape so maybe at 50 60 C the yeast will react better as it didnt change shape straight away. At 80 C the water was far too hot, this would have changed the shape of the yeast straight away. I know this because we only counted one carbon dioxide bubble for the whole of the experiment.Quality of ResultsI think that my results were precise. I know this because I measured the yeast and sugar with electronic scales. The water was an accurate measurement as well as I used a measuring cylinder to measure it. Another measurement that was accurate was the temperature of the water as we used a thermometer so I knew when to add the yeast. The final results were another accurate measurement as I completed the same test three times.Was It A Fair Test?This test was fair because:* I used the same amount of yeast for each test* I used the same amoun t of water for each test* I counted the bubbles for the same period of time each test.The only thing that wasnt fair about the test was that I had to use different types of yeast. For the first and second tests I used yeast that was in small balls (not ground) and for the third test I used a powdered yeast but was still the same brand. I dont think this changed the outcome of my results much as we got similar results for the first, second and third test. The only difference that may have been was that the ground yeast started to respire earlier as it was smaller, therefore easier to dissolve! Another reason that could have made my test unfair was that when the yeast was first added it was dormant and dehydrated. I had to wait for it to start to respire, but this was the case in all the tests so in a way it was fair.Accuracy of MeasurementsAll of my measurements were accurate. This was because I used an electronic set of scales to weigh the yeast and the sugar. Another reason why my test was accurate was that we used a thermometer to check the temperature that is an accurate means of measuring heat. It would have been even more accurate if we used an electronic thermometer.Improvements to PlanThe only major improvement that I think would have been useful would be to increase the temperature by only 5 C each time instead of 15 C. This would help us to get a more accurate measurement of when the yeast respires best. If I had more time I would have done this and would have been able to find the optimum temperature for the yeast. Another improvement would have been to measure the amount of carbon dioxide given off instead of counting the bubbles. This would have been a good improvement as bubble sizes change, they are never the same size.

How to diagnose cervical cancer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

How to diagnose cervical cancer - Essay Example Its symptoms, diagnosis, and ways in which it can be treated are also discussed (Dunleavey 38). Thus, this text will be very effective especially to those who have little or no insight on issues related to cervical cancer. For those already suffering from cervical cancer or those charged with taking care of cervical cancer patients, the article is aimed at educating them on the disease. What is Cervical Cancer? According to Dunvealey, cervical cancer is the third most common cancer affecting women of different ages (38). Despite the fact that it is not a sexually transmitted disease, its occurrence is linked to a human virus known as the papilloma virus, which is sexually transmitted. When the diagnosis of cervical cancer is conducted early, there are very high chances of survival of the victim and if not, death is inevitable. For example, in the United Kingdom, the national screening has reduced the deaths of the victims of this disease (Dunvealey 38). The most common symptom of cer vical cancer is abnormal bleeding, especially between periods, after having intercourse, or during postmenopause. It is also accompanied by non-appealing vaginal discharge, which is bloody, watery, may be very heavy, and in most cases, has a foul smell. Other signs include lower back pains, dysuria, hematuria, and rectal bleeding (Moini 362). How to Diagnose Cervical Cancer Every cancer has its own methods of diagnosis and treatment. For example, cervical cancer screening is totally different from the screening that happens in cases of breast cancer. The following are different methods used to diagnose cervical cancer: Cervical smear: It is usually performed in order to detect cellular changes. In this method, cells are gathered from the transformation zone using a spatula together with an endocervical brush. A slide acts as the surface on which samples are smeared onto and then sent for lab analysis. Though this method has the advantage of being simple and cheap, it has been found to possess some imperfections (Dunvealey 38). The most common abnormalities observed after cervical smears are high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSC), low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSC), and abnormal squamous cells of uncertain significance (ASC-US). The last one is the most common Pap smear finding (Dunvealey 39). Liquid-based Cytology: This method is preferred because of the short comings that come with the cervical smear method. The collection of the sample is done in a way similar to sample collection in the cervical smear method. However, in this method, the spatula’s head is cut and preservative liquid is used to rinse it. This is then transported to the lab and processed to remove the irrelevant materials, and the resultant cellular suspension is transferred to a slide and stained (Dunvealey 38-39). Though this method is also advanced, it is also not very complicated; it is very practical and quite inexpensive in diagnosing cervical cancer. As seen earlier, the papilloma virus is a major cause of cervical cancer; it brings about the HSC, LSC and ASC-US. It is thought to infect basal cells within the cervix and gain access via minor trauma or at the squamocolumnar junction. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, which is a grading system, is used to grade biopsies in

Sony Playstation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sony Playstation - Essay Example â€Å"The Playstation was released in 1994 and enjoyed great success, mainly because of the company's strong financial back enabling it to market the PS widely and its ability to get hundreds of developers to license games for the console† (Sony Playstation n.d., para. 3). Sony Playstation turned out to be an instant success, and Sony offers a large variety of games obtainable with it. At the same time, as a beginner to the gaming manufacturing, Sony was, and still is, a customer electronics giant. The study here includes branding and competitor analysis of Sony Playstation. The PlayStation 2 version made by Sony also has online gaming abilities to engage any player personal across the earth with the help of a cable adapter attached to the back of the PS2, which connects an Ethernet port for the console to attach to the Online Community that every software game can access. â€Å"Before the release of the PlayStation, Sony had never held a large portion of the videogames marke t. It had made a few forays into the computer side of things, most notably in its involvement with the failed MSX chip in the early 80's, but it wasn't until the advent of CD-ROM technology that Sony could claim any market share† (History of the Playstation 1998). ... If you can create effective branding, then it can make your business appear to be much bigger than it really is† (What is Branding? 2009). Sony PlayStation is presently in transition phase. PlayStation 3 and PSP had faced some tough time. The playstation is considered as market leader in the entertainment category, the various kind of the features that are inbuilt in the playstation are the gaming, playstation network, multimedia support, connectivity and the various updates in the software. It can be played also online, The multi media game platform doesn’t look good on the PS3, The Sony playstation has many of the studios under the own clutches, and they add on more of the software and the hardware updates for the playstation.The name sony playstation provide gives much happiness and chill to people, the CD-swallowing monster and the multitap have added much as the catalyst to the branding and promotion. â€Å"The company's future relies on the PlayStation 3 and the t echnology that comprises it. Originally slated to launch spring 2006, the PlayStation 3 release was delayed until November because its two most exciting pieces of technology weren't ready -- the Cell processor chip and the Blu-ray drive† (Ohannessian 2006). Sony has the brand identification and advertising ability to generate new product group and revive full-grown ones. We can grant the example of its Walkman brand. â€Å"Sony Computer Entertainment Inc. is predicting brisk sales, even though the launch may have missed some holiday shoppers. A successful debut would help the company offset the rest of its struggling business. Sony projects a loss of more than $1 billion for the fiscal year through March 2012, which would be its fourth straight annual

Productivity in the Roanoke Branch Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Productivity in the Roanoke Branch - Coursework Example As I follow up, I am writing to provide details of how the executive team can help in reversing the downward spiral of employee morale and productivity. Background. As you will recall, we lost two of our most experienced technical employees at Roanoke and other have disclosed their intention to leave Phoenix. A vacuum will be created, which will be very difficult to fill. This is capable of reducing the number of a client by half in the next six months. Our overall annual revenue will consequently decrease by 37%. This will further aggravate the effect of the economic crunch which has reduced advertisement expenses by 41% nationwide, and 53% in North Carolina. Proposal. Given the above, I am proposing a new approach to managing employee relations. This approach comprises three major components: securing employee commitment, dispute resolution, and welfare. The commitment of employee especially the top management employees can be secured by establishing a two-way communication process which will help managers understand Phoenix vision, mission, objectives, and values and allow the executive team at the headquarters. This can be achieved during meetings, frequent briefings, newsletters, and circulars. Recreational and sports activities can also be used for informal communications. The commitment of employees can also be enhanced by appropriate recognition of individual employees and teams’ achievements and efforts. This will help in promoting the right attitude to work and bringing out the best in employees. Adequate recognition can be given to employees through commendation letters, honors and merit awards, and management suggestion scheme. Given the inevitability of conflicts among employees at different categories, the executive team should establish clear channels for lodging complaints, expeditiously deal with complaints and the actions taken communicated to employees in order to resolve disputes.  

Leadership & Change Management Essay Example for Free

Leadership Change Management Essay Transactional leadership styles are more concerned with maintaining the normal flow of operations. Transactional leadership can be described as keeping the ship afloat. Transactional leaders use disciplinary power and an array of incentives to motivate employees to perform at their best. The term transactional refers to the fact that this type of leader essentially motivates subordinates by exchanging rewards for performance. A transactional leader generally does not look ahead in strategically guiding an organization to a position of market leadership; instead, these managers are solely concerned with making sure everything flows smoothly today. Transactional leadership motivates followers by setting up social or financial transactions that persuade them to act. For example, a transactional leader might offer bonuses to her sales staff for exceeding quotas. The bonus is a form of financial transaction. Transactional leadership often is set in opposition to transformational leadership, which is a leadership style that relies on convincing followers that a particular vision of what the organization can achieve is worth working toward. Transformational leadership A transformational leader goes beyond managing day-to-day operations and crafts strategies for taking his company, department or work team to the next level of performance and success. Transformational leadership styles focus on team-building, motivation and collaboration with employees at different levels of an organization to accomplish change for the better. Transformational leaders set goals and incentives to push their subordinates to higher performance levels, while providing opportunities for personal and professional growth for each employee. Transformational leadership might sound preferable because the leader doesn’t cynically harness the self-interest of her followers, as the transactional leader does. But there’s a problem. A transformational leader might not be forthright with her followers. For example, a business owner might motivate her workforce with stirring speeches about the nobility of hard work, while her real aim is to increase production for personal gain. This type of transformational leader might be called inauthentic. Advantages Both leadership styles are needed for guiding an organization to success. Transactional leaders provide distinct advantages through their abilities to address small operational details quickly. Transactional leaders handle all the details that come together to build a strong reputation in the marketplace, while keeping employees productive on the front line. Transformational leadership styles are crucial to the strategic development of a small business. Small businesses with transformational leaders at the helm shoot for ambitious goals, and can they achieve rapid success through the vision and team-building skills of the leader. Applications Different management styles are best suited to different situations. When it comes to front-line supervisors of minimum-wage employees, for example a transactional leadership style can be more effective. Shift supervisors at a fast food restaurant will be much more effective if they are concerned with ensuring all of the various stations run smoothly, rather than spending their time thinking up better ways to serve hamburgers. On the other hand, CEOs or sales managers can be more effective if they are transformational leaders. Executive managers need the ability to design and communicate grand strategic missions, passing the missions down to transactional leaders for implementation of the details. Organizations emphasize the concept of leadership in training managers or group leaders to propel a team or the organization forward. Within leadership, the effectiveness of the transformational versus transactional leader is often debated. Transactional leadership relies more on a give and take understanding, whereby subordinates have a sense of duty to the leader in exchange for some reward. Transformational leadership, on the other hand, involves a committed relationship between the leader and his followers. In 1985, industrial psychologist Bernard Bass identified and wrote about four basic elements that underlie transformational leadership. Idealized Influence Transformational leaders act as role models and display a charismatic personality that influences others to want to become more like the leader. Idealized influence can be most expressed through a transformational leaders willingness to take risks and follow a core set of values, convictions and ethical principles in the actions he takes. It is through this concept of idealized influence that the leader builds trust with his followers and the followers, in turn, develop confidence in their leader. Inspirational Motivation Inspirational motivation refers to the leaders ability to inspire confidence, motivation and a sense of purpose in his followers. The transformational leader must articulate a clear vision for the future, communicate expectations of the group and demonstrate a commitment to the goals that have been laid out. This aspect of transformational leadership requires superb communication skills as the leader must convey his messages with precision, power and a sense of authority. Other important behaviors of the leader include his continued optimism, enthusiasm and ability to point out the positive. Intellectual Stimulation Transformational leadership values creativity and autonomy among the leaders followers. The leader supports his followers by involving them in the decision-making process and stimulating their efforts to be as creative and innovative as possible to identify solutions. To this end, the transformational leader challenges assumptions and solicits ideas from followers without criticizing. She helps change the way followers think about and frame problems and obstacles. The vision the leader conveys helps followers see the big picture and succeed in their efforts. Individualized Consideration Each follower or group member has specific needs and desires. For example, some are motivated by money while others by change and excitement. The individualized consideration element of transformational leadership recognizes these needs. The leader must be able to recognize or determine through eavesdropping or observation   what motivates each individual. Through one-on-one coaching and mentoring, the transformational leader provides opportunities for customized training sessions for each team member. These activities allow team members to grow and become fulfilled in their positions. The Benefits of Transformational Leadership Motivation A transformational leader uses her belief in the vision of the company to inspire the staff to be more productive and work towards company goals. The drive behind a transformational leader is to find ways in which she can get the entire staff on board with corporate strategy and planning. When the entire company is on the same page with the corporate vision, it can make achieving that vision easier. Planning Inspirational managers do not focus their energy solely on motivating the staff. A good transformational leader has broad visions for the companys future, and those visions can become instrumental in company planning. Whether it is refining the overall business plan or affecting individual marketing programs, the transformational manager has ideas and visions for the future of the company that he wants to share with the management team and work to turn those plans into reality. Retention The idea of transformational leadership is to reach out to each employee and bring out the best in them. An inspirational manager spends time with each employee discussing ways to make the employees job easier, and helping to create plans for developing the employees career. This individual attention that is offered by transformational leaders helps to create a strong bond between the manager and his employees that will reduce employee turnover. Growth  A manager that is not intimately involved in the growth of the company and the development of her staff can start to struggle with managing her department as the company grows. A transformational leader is constantly involved with the growth of the company and the ongoing development of employees. As the company grows, the transformational leader maintains that close contact to the company and employees and can make the process of growing a more involved experience for new and veteran employees.

Analyzing Angela Carters Feminist Fairy Tales English Literature Essay

Analyzing Angela Carters Feminist Fairy Tales English Literature Essay It is important to establish early on that there is no simple definition of what a fairy tale is; the simplest place to start is to explain why theyre called fairy tales at all. Taken from the French phrase contes de fà ©es a title used by women writers in the French salons in the 17th century for stories written as narratives for passing on wisdom to young women it was translated as tales of fairies. The first to use the phrase was Madame DAulnoy in 1697 as the title to her collection of stories, but was later used by the more familiar Brothers Grimm. Before that time fairy tales existed only in the oral tradition, a highly elusive medium of story-telling, which does not lend itself to consistency, often leading to each country, region, and even person having their own version of the same basic tale. Little is known about the history of fairy tales, only that from the 17th century they began to emerge as a popular literary convention and broke down into two main schools; that of Perrault and his pure French tales, and the Brothers Grimm, who concerned themselves with only authentic German folklore. Throughout the 18th and 19th century their popularity grew, with each culture apportioning its own unique narrator, most famously in the guises of Mother Bunch, Mother Goose, and Gamma Gettel. To speak loosely of fairy tales, they are a subgenre of folklore, but Lane argues: Although Lane has made some very sweeping generalisations about what a fairy tale it not, this is because, as Tolkien puts it, faerie [tales] cannot be caught by a net of words; for it is one of its qualities to be indescribable (Tolkien 1965:10). As Ive illustrated, those who have spent their academic careers trying to define what a fairy tale is have agreed that it contains certain elements, but the problem lies in that they cant agree which ones. For my purposes I am going to accept Thompsons definition: A tale of some length involving a succession of motifs or episodes. It moves in an unreal world without definite locality or definite creature and is filled with the marvellous. (Thompson 1977: 8) The fairy tale is a desirable form of literature for authors to manipulate. With its strict confines, extensive use of stereotypes, accessibility, and moral framework it can be used to create an environment within which authors can explore their own ideas and ideals. Angela Carter is such an author; with the The Bloody Chamber being, essentially, a feminist re-evaluation of the predominantly masculine-dominated fairy tales as presented by the Brothers Grimm. Although the Brothers Grimm were amongst the first to preserve fairy tales in the writing they were considerably re-worked from their original oral counterparts in order to make them more acceptable to society. Fairy tales began as a female-orientated tradition when Les Cabinet des Fà ©es was published over half the authors were women, whose tales offered gratifications that were already [] considered feminine: dreams of love as well as the sweets of quick and capital revenge (Warner 1996: xii-xiv). When the Brothers Grimm, and others, transferred the oral tales in written ones they transposed of an essentially feminine form and replaced it was a masculine one, as Holbeck observes, men and women often tell the same tales in characteristically different ways (Holbeck 1987). This tradition has been carried through to the 20th century, with Disney adaptations relying on the damsel in distress, with the inevitable Prince Charming character to rescue her (although recent productions such as Enchanted and the Shrek trilogy have been a movement away from such archetypes). The Bloody Chamber concerns itself with those changes and calls them to attention by: heightening the intertextuality of her narratives, making them into allegories that explore how sexual behaviour and gender roles are not universal, but are, like other forms of social interaction, culturally determined. (Kaiser 1994) It is a collection of short stories that extract the latent content from traditional stories (Carter in John Haffendens Novelist in Interview) and create new ones from a womans perspective, an exploration of the journey between girlhood and womanhood with all the trappings that entails. It is a de-Bowdlerisation of Grimms contaminated exercise of patriarchal power towards the pure tales of Perrault and, more importantly for Carter, Bruno Bettelheim, whose books, Uses of Enchantment, has been hailed by a holy grail for the understanding of fairy tales. Bettelheim was a distinguished psychoanalyst who applied his writing to the written fairy tale, concluding that they were a way for children to comfortably deal with separation anxiety and essential in the development of the unconscious; let the Fairy Tale speak to his unconscious, give body to his unconscious anxieties and relieve them without this ever coming to conscious awareness (Bettelheim 1977: 15). Bettelheims readings of fairy tales lie strongly in Freudian theory. Freud is most well-known for his championing of the oedipal complex, wherein a boy has desire for his mother and competes with the father for affection, or a girl who has desire for her father, sparking a rivalry with the mother. The latter is also referred to as the Electra complex, though Freud often disagreed on the existence of a female counter-part. In his book, Bettelheim states that: Oedipal difficulties and how the individual solves them are central to the way his personality and human relations unfold. By camouflaging the oedipal predicament, or by only subtly intimating the entanglements, fairy tales permit us to draw our own conclusions when the time is propitious for our gaining a better understanding of these problems. (Bettelheim 1977: 201) This excerpt comes from his essay on Snow White, which Bettelheim argues is a perfect fairy tale version of the oedipal conflict between mothers and daughters. Certainly, the version he and Carter, in her tale The Snow Child, use heightens the oedipal tensions through its simplicity (Kaiser 1994). Carter furthers this by manipulating the popular themes and underpinning them with the notion of desire, a key theme throughout The Bloody Chamber. Colours are incredibly important in the Gothic genre, and due to the nature of Carters fairy tales, they can certainly be described as such. Carters count asks for a girl as white as snow [] red as blood [] black as that birds feather (Carter 2006: 105) without any appropriation of those colours, it is only after the girl appears that Carter redistributes them in the traditional style of white skin, red lips, black hair (Carter 2006: 105). Those three colours continually appear throughout all of Carters short stories and are used in a highly symbolic fashion. White is traditionally seen as the colour of purity, innocence, and wholeness, but red, the symbol of love, signals passion and sexual desire, whilst black represents death, destruction, and the decent into the unconscious. If we transfer these attributes to the Counts wishes, it is plausible to conclude that the Count is imagining a daughter who embodies all those things; a virgin who awakens sexual desire in him on the unconsc ious level. In doing so, he gives the girl multiple facets, and an ambiguous quality she is sometimes pure and perfect, sometimes passionate and sexual, or negative and deadly. Three sides, three colours, three aspects of the human soul. The theme of colours is similarly extended to the Count and Countess note that Carter provides the colours of their horses. The Count sits upon a gray mare (Carter 2006: 105) the only other colour mentioned in the tale, noticeably different to the surrounding contrast. If we see the Count as a representation of society, then the greyness symbolises a lack of self-examination, of stepping back from the coloured representations apparent in the rest of the scene, to which Carter is now attempting to hold a mirror up to. The counts horse also provides a back-drop for the Countess, giving significance to her riding a black one (Carter 2006: 105); she is also seen wearing glittering pelts of black foxes and black shining boots with scarlet heels (Carte r 2006: 105). My interpretation of her attire is one that suggests that to the Count his wife no longer represents the idea of purity (the absence of white), and that he has very little sexual desire for, as the colour red is contained to the lowest part of her body her heels. Instead, she represents the Counts mortality, of getting older, and what Klein describes as a bad object that a child will seek to expel by projecting negative emotions towards it, shown by the excessive use of black. This is highlighted by his wishes for the child, who is predominantly snow white when stark naked (Carter 2006: 105) the good object that a child seeks to join with and keep safe from the unpleasant influence of bad objects. Carters Count lifted her up and sat her in front of him on his saddle and thrust his virile member into the dead girl (Carter 2006: 105-106) perfect representations of that same joining and protecting. As mentioned, the oedipal complex is one concerned with transference not only of emotions, but, in the case of The Snow Child, a physical transference through clothing. In a similar style to the presence of the Counts grey horse, we are not given a description of the Counts clothing, giving strength to my argument that he is a representation of society, and therefore not clothed because it is the provider of clothes, or labels (e.g. mother, wife), for everyone else. Unlike the Brothers Grimm version, Carter does not have the Count decide between his wife and his daughter, instead she has him display his authority over them through the attribution of material constructs. The Countess, presumably acquiring her title from marriage, is wholly defined by her husband her title, her clothes, her horse, all representations of the social constructions of wealth and nobility. When the Countess is replaced in her husbands desires by the girl there is a transference of clothing, and of those s ymbols of society, the furs sprang off the Countesss shoulders and twined around the naked girl [] then her boots leapt off the Countesss feet and on to the girls legs (Carter 2006: 105). Here we see the deconstruction of the modern women a disrobing of the masculine confines imposed upon the Countess. Kaiser points out that it is a sign of their mutual dependence on his favour, the furs, the boots, and jewels fly off the Countess, onto the girl, and back again depending on the whims of the Count (Kaiser 1994). During the tale there is always a woman who is naked, drawing attention to the semantic field of clothes when women are not dressed they are reverted to a representation of Nature, in direct opposition to the man as culture, which in turn makes them appear vulnerable. In response to this criticism, Kaiser continues that although some feminist theorists claim to find a kind of liberation in the position of women as other in phallogocentric culture, Carter finds the situation morecomplex and more troubling (Kaiseer 1994).This can be seen reflection in the ambiguous ending Carter has created, when the Countess exclaims It bites! is she rejecting female sexuality through the symbol of eternal feminine sexuality of the rose? is she rejecting love itself? Or simply her husbands and therefore mens desires? Bacchilega suggests that the Countess recognizes the myth of the vagina dentate for what it is (Bacchilega 1988: 18). The ending leaves a lot to be desired for traditional readers of fairy tales, without the typical happily ever after finish Carter leaves the tale with no promise of happiness and it remains open for individual interpretation. To re-address my original question, one of Carters most avid critics, Patricia Duncker read the ending of The Bloody Chamber as carrying an uncompromisingly feminist message, whilst the other tales merely recapitulate patriarchal patterns of behaviour. Duncker is right in her reading of the texts as remaining within the patriarchal sphere of thought, but as Kaiser parallels with my own opinion what Dunkcer perceives as an inconsistent application of feminist principles is, I believe, merely a reflection of Carters project in this collection, to portray sexuality as a culturally relative phenomenon (Kaiser 1994). It is my personal belief that Duncker is not in possession of a sense of humour, or merely cannot grasp Carters sense of irony in her insistence on staying within the already accepted boundaries, in order to question the nature of reality one must move from a strongly grounded base in what constitutes material reality (Carter 1997: 38). With The Bloody Chamber Carter has conc erned herself not simply with pointing out the problems with conventional patriarchal views of gender, but rather has created a series of different representations, that although dont directly challenge the traditional fairy tales, they provide alternative models. She does not, as the title suggests, capitulate the idea of a masculine-dominated or phallaogocentric representation of the fairy tale, but rather highlights the single-mindedness of those tellings by displaying stories with the same basic building blocks that have hugely different influences. Ours is a highly individualised culture, with great faith in the work of art as a unique one-off, and the artist as an original, a godlike and inspired creator of unique one-offs. But fairy tales are not like that, nor are their makers. Who first invented meatballs? In what country? Is there a definite recipe for potato soup? Think in terms of the domestic arts. This is how I make potato soup. (Carter 1987: 3) The culinary allegory serves her purpose of exemplifying the fairy tale; a recipe will seldom have an individual source and are prepared in a multitude of ways, varying with the ingredients available and the person preparing it, evolving over time, just as female subcultures adapted to suit personal, cultural, and historical needs.

Use of Generalist Fair Use Defence in Australian Intellectual Property

  Ã‚  Ã‚  The objective of the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) is to protect those who create works, such as artistic works or literary works, as well as those other subject matter, such as films or sounds recordings, from those who would serve to exploit or profit from their labor, skill and creativity. But, what about those who use these protected works and other subject matter for interests different to the above? Such as for educational purposes or for broadcasting? Under the act, there are listed many defences to protect an individual or a corporation from infringement of copyright, or in other words, directly or indirectly, infringing those exclusive rights that the copyright owner possess, also listed under the act . These defences operate in areas such as fair dealing, educational uses, artistic works, performances, communication and broadcasting, computer programs, importing, copying by libraries and archives and judicial proceedings and statutes . Although the current act does p rovide protection, in the form of legislated, or statutory defences, it could be argued that a fair use defence, as is currently being used in the United States of America via their equivalent of the Copyright act , may be a more simple approach to this issue. The current legislation in some areas is specific, and in others, hard to understand. A generalist fair use defence may simplify the current legislation and also create less confusion for the individual and the Court system. But, there is always the risk by introducing such a measure, it may create loopholes, and at this current point in time, the Australian Court system is reluctant to import such a principle, although it has been acknowledged in obiter. It has been acknowledged, via legal forums, that the system of copyright law in Australia is complicated, and has been argued, through submission to be made simpler.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As introduced above, the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) was introduced in response to the growing need to protect individual’s creative works or other subject matter from commercial or other exploitation. The above named act provides that copyright is a statutory right, and abolishes any right to copyright at common law . The Berne Convention for Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, an international convention on copyright protection, which was first held in 1886, and has b... ...llip, Intellectual Property: Copyright and Materials, Lawbook Company Casebook, Sydney 2002. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Paper for Meeting with the Copyright Law Review Committee on 4 October 2001, Discussion Paper, www.law.gov.au/www/clrHome.nsf/AllDocs/ -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ploman, Edward W, and Clark Hamilton, L, Copyright: Intellectual Property in the Information Age, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London 1980. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ricketson, Sam and Richardson, Megan, Intellectual Property: Cases, Materials and Commentary, 2nd Edition, Butterworths, Sydney 1998. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reynolds, R and Stoianoff, Natalie, Intellectual Property: Text and Essential Cases, The Federation Press, Sydney 2003. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Simplication of the Fair Dealing Provisions in the Copyright Act 1968†, Comments on the CLRC’s Discussion Paper, CAUL: Council of Australian University Librarians, August 1997, www.caul.edu.au/gov-inqu/clrc-972.html -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Simplification of the Copyright Act 1968†, Part I: Exceptions to the Exclusive Rights of Copyright Owners, Copyright Law Review Committee, www.law.gov.au/clr/Simplification/